Sushant Singh Rajput (SSR): Education, Career, All Films

Sushant Singh Rajput (21 January 1986 – 14 June 2020) was an Indian actor who is best known for his work in Hindi cinema. Rajput started his career with television serials. His debut show was Star Plus's romantic drama Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil (2008), followed by a starring role in Zee TV's soap opera Pavitra Rishta (2009–2011).

Sushant Singh Rajput Biography
Sushant Singh Rajput

Rajput made his film debut in the buddy drama Kai Po Che! in 2013. He then starred in the romantic comedy Shuddh Desi Romance (2013) and as the titular detective in the action thriller Detective Byomkesh Bakshy! (2015). His highest-grossing releases came with a supporting role in the satire PK (2014), followed by the titular role in the sports biopic M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story (2016). For his performance in the latter, he received his first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. Rajput went on to act in the commercially successful films Kedarnath (2018) and Chhichhore (2019). His last film, Dil Bechara (2020), was released posthumously on Hotstar.

NITI Aayog, the policy think-tank of the Indian government, signed him to promote the Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP). Apart from acting and running a technological startup, Rajput was actively involved in helping young students. He was also the co-founder of an AI and technology company and a charity based company for social work.

Rajput died by suicide at his home in Bandra, Mumbai in June 2020, at age 34.

 

Key Description:


Born: 21 January 1986, Patna, Bihar, India

Died: 14 June 2020 (aged 34) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Cause of Death: Suicide By Hanging

Occupation: Actor

Years Active: 2008–2020

Website: SSR Website

Social Network: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram

 

Sushant Singh Rajput Education


Sushant Singh Rajput was born in Patna in the state of Bihar to Krishna Kumar Singh and Usha Singh. He was the youngest of five siblings and had the nickname of Gulshan. One of his four sisters Mitu Singh would become a state-level cricket player. He attended the St. Karen's High School in Patna. His family moved to Delhi following his mother's death in 2002 where Rajput completed his schooling in Kulachi Hansraj Model School.

Rajput was reportedly an avid reader who was deeply interested in astrophysics and won the National Olympiad in Physics. He secured an admission in the Delhi College of Engineering (later renamed to Delhi Technological University) to pursue a Bachelor of Engineering degree in mechanical engineering. According to Rajput, he did not have any interest in engineering but his family gave him no option which left him dissatisfied. He instead wanted to become an astronaut and later an air force pilot but was also interested in Bollywood, being a fan of Shah Rukh Khan.

 

Sushant Singh Rajput Career


2006–2011: Early career and television

During his course at the Delhi College of Engineering, Rajput enrolled himself in Shiamak Davar's dance classes. Soon afterwards, he also began attending acting classes under the theatre director Barry John.  Rajput later stated that he found the experience to be liberating and wanted to continue doing it forever. He notably featured as a background dancer in the Dhoom Again song of Dhoom 2 and in Ashwariya Rai's performance at the closing ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games. In 2006, he dropped out of his engineering course during his fourth year to begin a career in arts and performance.[26] He moved to Mumbai, took up odd jobs and small roles while working in the theatre industry. In Mumbai, Rajput joined Nadira Babbar's theatre group called the Ekjute in which he remained for two and a half years.

Rajput was spotted by a casting team of Balaji Telefilms while he was working at the Prithvi Theatre. He was subsequently called for an audition and cast as a second lead in the television series Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil in 2008. He had secured the role of Preet Singh Juneja, the step brother of the lead named Harshad Chopda and entered the show in its seventh episode. The character was killed early in the show, but due to popularity among viewers was brought back in the series finale as a spirit looking on as his family celebrated coming out of difficult times. The performance had made an impression on the producer Ekta Kapoor who vouched for him to be cast as the lead in another series Pavitra Rishta, reportedly against the wishes of the hosting channel, Zee TV.

In Pavitra Rishta, Rajput was cast as Manav Deshmukh who was an "ideal son and husband" and co-starred along with Ankita Lokhande.[36] The role was reportedly a breakthrough for him and for which he won various television awards, including his first award for best actor in the Indian Television Academy Awards 2010. Notably, he won three major television awards in the categories of best male actor and most popular actor. In 2010, he joined the dance reality show Zara Nachke Dikha in its second season as part of the Mast Kalandar Boys team. On the Mother's Day special episode, the team dedicated a performance to Rajput's mother who had died. Later in the same year, he also took part in the fourth season of another dance competition reality show called Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa and was paired alongside the choreographer Shampa Sonthalia; they emerged as the runners up of the season.

Rajput continued to act in Pavitra Rishta from its first airing on 2009 till his exit in 2011, having played the part of the protagonist of the series for two and a half years at the time of his exit. He had stated that he intended to move to the United States to study filmmaking and had already gained experience behind the scenes in the film Raaz 2, where he was an assistant director. Rajput made a later reappearance in the final episode of Pavitra Rishta in 2014 after gaining critical acclaim in Bollywood.

 

Sushant Singh Rajput Personal Life


Rajput was in a publicised relationship with his Pavitra Rishta co-star Ankita Lokhande for six years. They broke up in 2016.

Rajput loved astronomy and astrophysics, and purchased a Meade LX-600 16" telescope, placing it in a window of his house to observe the rings of Saturn. In preparation for his role as an astronaut in Chanda Mama Door Ke, he was given the opportunity to train at NASA. He intended to go back and complete the certificate of instructor training, aspiring to be chosen for the 2024 Artemis program. In 2017, he funded the trip for two students to the US Space Camp Center, under his education programme called Sushant4Education.

On 16 July 2020, more than a month after Rajput's death, Rhea Chakraborty identified herself on social media as his girlfriend. On 26 August, the Narcotics Control Bureau, India's national drug law enforcement agency, registered a first information report (FIR) against Chakraborty and four others after the Enforcement Directorate, India's national economic law enforcement intelligence agency, found that drugs had been supplied to Chakraborty and Rajput. Specifically, the FIR invoked sections of India's Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act dealing with cannabis.

 

SSR Death Reason


On 14 June 2020, Rajput, aged 34, was found dead, hanging from the ceiling fan in his home in Bandra, Mumbai. He had reportedly been suffering from depression. The Mumbai Police commenced an investigation, stating that the death was being treated as a suicide. The postmortem report stated that the cause of death was "asphyxia due to hanging," and called it a "clear case of suicide." The autopsy doctors placed time of death at 10 to 12 hours before postmortem examination on 14 June at 11:30 p.m.—meaning between 11:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. (Indian Standard Time). No foul play was found. The viscera report likewise ruled out foul play. On 25 July, Rajput's family lodged a first information report with police in Patna, where his father lives, accusing Rhea Chakraborty and five others of abetment of suicide.

On 19 August 2020, the Supreme Court of India allowed the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), the Indian national government's top investigating agency, to take control of the investigation and ordered the CBI to look into any future cases registered in relation to Rajput's death. The CBI was later joined by the Enforcement Directorate and the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) to investigate the money laundering and drug peddling angles respectively.

On 8 September, Rhea Chakraborty was arrested by the NCB in a drug case linked to the investigation of the death probe. Prior to the arrest, 9 others were arrested by the NCB in the drug case including Rhea's brother, Showik Chakraborty.

 

Sushant Singh Rajput List of Films

Year Title Role
2013 Kai Po Che! Ishaan Bhatt
Shuddh Desi Romance Raghu Ram
2014 PK Sarfaraz Yousuf
2015 Detective Byomkesh Bakshy! Detective Byomkesh Bakshy
2016 M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story Mahendra Singh Dhoni
2017 Raabta Jilaan/Shiv Kakkar
2018 Welcome to New York Himself
Kedarnath Mansoor Khan
2019 Sonchiriya Lakhan "Lakhna" Singh
Chhichhore Aniruddh "Anni" Pathak
Drive Samar
2020 Dil Bechara Manny

 

Sushant on Television

Year Title Role
2008–2009 Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil Preet Juneja
2009–2011 Pavitra Rishta Manav Deshmukh
2010 Zara Nachke Dikha Contestant
2010–2011 Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 4 Contestant
2015 CID Byomkesh Bakshy

 

SSR Music videos

Year Song
2017 "Paas Aao"

 

Sushant Singh Rajput Awards And Nominations

Year Award Category Film or Series Result
2009 Indian Telly Awards Most Popular Actor (Male) Pavitra Rishta Nominated
2010 Indian Television Academy Awards Most Popular Actor (Male) Won
BIG Star Entertainment Awards Best Television Actor (Male) Won
Gold Awards Best Actor in a Lead Role Won
2011 Won
FICCI Frames Excellence Honours Best TV Actor (Male) Won
2014 Producers Guild Film Awards Best Male Debut Kai Po Che! Won
Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominated
Screen Awards Best Male Debut Won
Zee Cine Awards Best Male Debut Nominated
IIFA Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominated
Filmfare Awards Best Debut Actor Nominated
2016 Screen Awards Best Actor (Critics) M.S Dhoni: The Untold Story Won
2017 Filmfare Awards Best Actor Nominated
Zee Cine Awards Best Actor – Male Nominated
Stardust Awards Best Actor Nominated
International Indian Film Academy Awards Best Actor (Male) Nominated
Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Best Actor Won

 

Bold Decisions of Modi Government: Top 5 Decisions in Modi 2.0

Bold Decisions of Modi Government 2.0


In the first year of the Modi 2.0, the government has taken several key decisions that all bold decisions of modi government 2.0 are

  1. Abrogation of Article 370
  2. Criminalisation of Triple Talaq
  3. Anti-Terror Terrorism Law
  4. Citizenship (Amendment) Act
  5. Supreme Court verdict in the Ayodhya case as an incentive.

Bold Decisions of Modi Government

Bold Decisions of Modi Government


Article 370

Abrogation of Article 370, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir, became a primary selling point for the Modi government which came within 100 days of coming back to power. The issue saw politicians divided into two camps, with the Modi government having an upper hand. Many from Congress and other parties sided with the BJP, leaving the opposition leaders baffled. The government said Article 370 abrogation was necessary for full integration of Kashmir into India. It also bifurcated the state into two Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir division and Ladakh division, sending a strong message to Pakistan that Delhi was prepared to retaliate in the same capacity. The BJP said that the decision was something that no other government had the courage to do so far. Both Prime Minister Modi and Home Minister Amit Shah didn’t bother about the opposition’s criticism and the decision was widely hailed by citizens. The massive support to the Modi government left the opposition, especially the Congress, embarrassed.

 

Triple Talaq


Another issue that left the opposition crumbling and gave the BJP an upper hand was the issue of triple talaq. The BJP government succeeded in criminalising the practice of instant divorce among Muslim men and successfully pushed through both houses of Parliament despite opposition from its own camp.

 

UAPA


The Unlawful Activities Prevention Act was amended by the government to give more teeth to agencies. The opposition opposed this but Home Minister Amit Shah put up a strong defense. The government said amendment in the law was necessary to fight terror activities. The amendment conferred power to the government to designate an individual as a terrorist and seize their property. However, the opposition’s argument was flattened which called the amendment draconian.

 

Ram Mandir


Then came the Ram Mandir verdict. The construction of Ram Mandir has featured in every election manifesto of the BJP for decades but it won’t feature in election papers of the saffron party anymore as the issue was finally settled by the Supreme Court. The top court ruled in favour of the Ram Mandir which was criticised by many Muslim politicians and religious leaders the community. The verdict paved the way for the construction of a temple at the disputed site and the process has already begun.

 

Citizenship Act


Then came the Citizenship (Amendment) Act. The passage of CAA, which seeks to grant citizenship to non-Muslims from three neighbouring Muslim majority countries (Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh) on the ground of religious persecution, prompted intense violent protests. It was also one of the key promises made by the party in its manifesto. Opposition parties and social groups have argued that the NRC in conjunction with the CAA can be discriminatory, triggering violent protests. The protests prompted Prime Minister Narendra Modi to assert that his government has not discussed any move to implement the National Register of Citizens.

The man behind all such decisions was Amit Shah, the most trusted man of Modi. Shah had served as the Home minister of Gujarat when Modi was the Chief Minister. Between 2014 and 2019, Shah kept himself away from the government’s functioning but Modi roped in Shah after the 2019 victory, displaying his intention that the next five years will see some decisions that the previous governments lacked courage to do. Shah rightfully emerged as the second most visible and powerful voice of the government as he piloted the government’s decisions related to Jammu and Kashmir, UAPA and CAA among others.

 

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World Health Organization (WHO): Structure, Controversies

World Health Organization (WHO): Structure, Controversies

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution, which establishes the agency's governing structure and principles, states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health." It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with six semi-autonomous regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide.

The WHO was established by constitution on 7 April 1948,[3] which is commemorated as World Health Day. The first meeting of the World Health Assembly (WHA), the agency's governing body, took place on 24 July 1948. The WHO incorporated the assets, personnel, and duties of the League of Nations' Health Organisation and the Office International d'Hygiène Publique, including the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Its work began in earnest in 1951 following a significant infusion of financial and technical resources.

The WHO's broad mandate includes advocating for universal healthcare, monitoring public health risks, coordinating responses to health emergencies, and promoting human health and well being. It provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards and guidelines, and collects data on global health issues through the World Health Survey. Its flagship publication, the World Health Report, provides expert assessments of global health topics and health statistics on all nations. The WHO also serves as a forum for summits and discussions on health issues.

The WHO has played a leading role in several public health achievements, most notably the eradication of smallpox, the near-eradication of polio, and the development of an Ebola vaccine. Its current priorities include communicable diseases, particularly HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis; non-communicable diseases such as heart disease and cancer; healthy diet, nutrition, and food security; occupational health; and substance abuse.

The WHA, composed of representatives from all 194 member states, serves as the agency's supreme decision-making body. It also elects and advises an Executive Board made up of 34 health specialists. The WHA convenes annually and is responsible for selecting the Director-General, setting goals and priorities, and approving the WHO's budget and activities. The current Director-General is Tedros Adhanom, former Health Minister and Foreign Minister of Ethiopia, who began his five-year term on 1 July 2017.

The WHO relies on contributions from member states (both assessed and voluntary) and private donors for funding. As of 2018, it has a budget of over $4.2 billion, a large part of which comes from voluntary contributions from member states. Contributions are assessed by a formula which includes GDP per capita. In 2018–19, the US contributed 15% of the WHO's $5.6 billion budget, the EU and its member states contributed 11%, while China contributed 0.2%. The agency is part of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group.

World Health Organization History

 

Key Description:


Abbreviation: WHO

Formation 7 April 1948; 72 years ago

Type: United Nations specialized agency

Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

Head:

  • Tedros Adhanom (Director-General)
  • Soumya Swaminathan (deputy Director-General)
  • Jane Ellison (deputy Director-General)

Parent Organization: United Nations Economic and Social Council

Website: www.who.int

Social Network: Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram

 

World Health Organization History And Development:


Origins: The International Sanitary Conferences, originally held on 23 June 1851, were the first predecessors of the WHO. A series of 14 conferences that lasted from 1851 to 1938, the International Sanitary Conferences worked to combat many diseases, chief among them cholera, yellow fever, and the bubonic plague. The conferences were largely ineffective until the seventh, in 1892; when an International Sanitary Convention that dealt with cholera was passed.

Five years later, a convention for the plague was signed. In part as a result of the successes of the Conferences, the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau (1902), and the Office International d'Hygiène Publique (1907) were soon founded. When the League of Nations was formed in 1920, they established the Health Organization of the League of Nations. After World War II, the United Nations absorbed all the other health organizations, to form the WHO.

 

WHO Establishment


During the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization, Szeming Sze, a delegate from the Republic of China, conferred with Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health organization under the auspices of the new United Nations. After failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, Alger Hiss, the Secretary General of the conference, recommended using a declaration to establish such an organization. Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health. The use of the word "world", rather than "international", emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve. The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations, and by 10 other countries, on 22 July 1946. It thus became the first specialized agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed. Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member state.

The first meeting of the World Health Assembly finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million (then GB£1,250,000) for the 1949 year. Andrija Štampar was the Assembly's first president, and G. Brock Chisholm was appointed Director-General of WHO, having served as Executive Secretary during the planning stages. Its first priorities were to control the spread of malaria, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections, and to improve maternal and child health, nutrition and environmental hygiene. Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease. The logo of the World Health Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing.

 

Operational history of World Health Organization


1947: The WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex, and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive using the BCG vaccine was under way.

1955: The malaria eradication programme was launched, although it was later altered in objective. 1955 saw the first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

1958: Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR, called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54. At this point, 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year.

1966: The WHO moved its headquarters from the Ariana wing at the Palace of Nations to a newly constructed HQ elsewhere in Geneva.

1967: The WHO intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopted a new disease surveillance method. The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities. The WHO also helped contain the last European outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972. After over two decades of fighting smallpox, the WHO declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort.

1967: The WHO launched the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and the World Health Assembly voted to enact a resolution on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care.

1974: The Expanded Programme on Immunization and the control programme of onchocerciasis was started, an important partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank.

1977: The first list of essential medicines was drawn up, and a year later the ambitious goal of "Health For All" was declared.

1986: The WHO began its global programme on HIV/AIDS. Two years later preventing discrimination against sufferers was attended to and in 1996 UNAIDS was formed.

1988: The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established.

1998: WHO's Director-General highlighted gains in child survival, reduced infant mortality, increased life expectancy and reduced rates of "scourges" such as smallpox and polio on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding. He, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow.

2000: The Stop TB Partnership was created along with the UN's formulation of the Millennium Development Goals.

2001: The measles initiative was formed, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007.

2002: The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources available.

2006: The organization endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for global prevention, treatment, and support the plan to fight the AIDS pandemic.

Overall focus

The WHO's Constitution states that its objective "is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health".

The WHO fulfills this objective through its functions as defined in its Constitution: (a) To act as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work; (b) To establish and maintain effective collaboration with the United Nations, specialized agencies, governmental health administrations, professional groups and such other organizations as may be deemed appropriate; (c) To assist Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services; (d) To furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid upon the request or acceptance of Governments; (e) To provide or assist in providing, upon the request of the United Nations, health services and facilities to special groups, such as the peoples of trust territories; (f) To establish and maintain such administrative and technical services as may be required, including epidemiological and statistical services; (g) to stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases; (h) To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the prevention of accidental injuries; (i) To promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene; (j) To promote co-operation among scientific and professional groups which contribute to the advancement of health; (k) To propose conventions, agreements and regulations, and make recommendations with respect to international health matters and to perform.

As of 2012, the WHO has defined its role in public health as follows:

  • Providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed;
  • Shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation, and dissemination of valuable knowledge;
  • Setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation;
  • Articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options;
  • Providing technical support, catalysing change, and building sustainable institutional capacity; and
  • Monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.
  • CRVS (civil registration and vital statistics) to provide monitoring of vital events (birth, death, wedding, divorce).

 

Governance And Support of WHO


The remaining two of WHO's thirteen identified policy areas relate to the role of WHO itself:

  • "to provide leadership, strengthen governance and foster partnership and collaboration with countries, the United Nations system, and other stakeholders in order to fulfill the mandate of WHO in advancing the global health agenda"; and
  • "to develop and sustain WHO as a flexible, learning organization, enabling it to carry out its mandate more efficiently and effectively".

Partnerships of World Health Organization

The WHO along with the World Bank constitute the core team responsible for administering the International Health Partnership (IHP+). The IHP+ is a group of partner governments, development agencies, civil society, and others committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries. Partners work together to put international principles for aid effectiveness and development co-operation into practice in the health sector.

The organization relies on contributions from renowned scientists and professionals to inform its work, such as the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization, the WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy, and the WHO Study Group on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice.

WHO runs the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, targeted at improving health policy and systems.

WHO also aims to improve access to health research and literature in developing countries such as through the HINARI network.

WHO collaborates with The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, UNITAID, and the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief to spearhead and fund the development of HIV programs.

WHO created the Civil Society Reference Group on HIV, which brings together other networks that are involved in policy making and the dissemination of guidelines.

WHO, a sector of the United Nations, partners with UNAIDS to contribute to the development of HIV responses in different areas of the world.

WHO facilitates technical partnerships through the Technical Advisory Committee on HIV, which they created to develop WHO guidelines and policies.

In 2014, WHO released the Global Atlas of Palliative Care at the End of Life in a joint publication with the Worldwide Hospice Palliative Care Alliance, an affiliated NGO working collaboratively with the WHO to promote palliative care in national and international health policy.

Public health education and action

Each year, the organization marks World Health Day and other observances focusing on a specific health promotion topic. World Health Day falls on 7 April each year, timed to match the anniversary of WHO's founding. Recent themes have been vector-borne diseases (2014), healthy ageing (2012) and drug resistance (2011).

The other official global public health campaigns marked by WHO are World Tuberculosis Day, World Immunization Week, World Malaria Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Blood Donor Day, World Hepatitis Day, and World AIDS Day.

As part of the United Nations, the World Health Organization supports work towards the Millennium Development Goals. Of the eight Millennium Development Goals, three – reducing child mortality by two-thirds, to reduce maternal deaths by three-quarters, and to halt and begin to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS – relate directly to WHO's scope; the other five inter-relate and affect world health.

 

WHO Data Handling And Publications


The World Health Organization works to provide the needed health and well-being evidence through a variety of data collection platforms, including the World Health Survey covering almost 400,000 respondents from 70 countries, and the Study on Global Aging and Adult Health (SAGE) covering over 50,000 persons over 50 years old in 23 countries. The Country Health Intelligence Portal (CHIP), has also been developed to provide an access point to information about the health services that are available in different countries. The information gathered in this portal is used by the countries to set priorities for future strategies or plans, implement, monitor, and evaluate it.

The WHO has published various tools for measuring and monitoring the capacity of national health systems and health workforces. The Global Health Observatory (GHO) has been the WHO's main portal which provides access to data and analyses for key health themes by monitoring health situations around the globe.

The WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS), the WHO Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL), and the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) provide guidance for data collection. Collaborative efforts between WHO and other agencies, such as through the Health Metrics Network, also aim to provide sufficient high-quality information to assist governmental decision making. WHO promotes the development of capacities in member states to use and produce research that addresses their national needs, including through the Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet). The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/AMRO) became the first region to develop and pass a policy on research for health approved in September 2009.

On 10 December 2013, a new WHO database, known as MiNDbank, went online. The database was launched on Human Rights Day, and is part of WHO's QualityRights initiative, which aims to end human rights violations against people with mental health conditions. The new database presents a great deal of information about mental health, substance abuse, disability, human rights, and the different policies, strategies, laws, and service standards being implemented in different countries. It also contains important international documents and information. The database allows visitors to access the health information of WHO member states and other partners. Users can review policies, laws, and strategies and search for the best practices and success stories in the field of mental health.

The WHO regularly publishes a World Health Report, its leading publication, including an expert assessment of a specific global health topic. Other publications of WHO include the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, the Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal (overseen by EMRO), the Human Resources for Health (published in collaboration with BioMed Central), and the Pan American Journal of Public Health (overseen by PAHO/AMRO).

In 2016, the World Health Organization drafted a global health sector strategy on HIV. In the draft, the World Health Organization outlines its commitment to ending the AIDS epidemic by the year 2030 with interim targets for the year 2020. To make achievements towards these targets, the draft lists actions that countries and the WHO can take, such as a commitment to universal health coverage, medical accessibility, prevention and eradication of disease, and efforts to educate the public. Some notable points made in the draft include addressing gender inequity where females are nearly twice as likely as men to get infected with HIV and tailoring resources to mobilized regions where the health system may be compromised due to natural disasters, etc. Among the points made, it seems clear that although the prevalence of HIV transmission is declining, there is still a need for resources, health education, and global efforts to end this epidemic.

 

World Health Organization (WHO) Structure


The World Health Organization is a member of the United Nations Development Group.

Membership

As of 2020, the WHO has 194 member states: all of the member states of the United Nations except for Liechtenstein, plus the Cook Islands and Niue. (A state becomes a full member of WHO by ratifying the treaty known as the Constitution of the World Health Organization.) As of 2013, it also had two associate members, Puerto Rico and Tokelau. Several other countries have been granted observer status. Palestine is an observer as a "national liberation movement" recognized by the League of Arab States under United Nations Resolution 3118. The Holy See also attends as an observer, as does the Order of Malta. The government of Taiwan was allowed to participate under the designation ‘Chinese Taipei’ as an observer from 2009–2016, but has not been invited again since. In July 2020 the United States officially indicated its intent to withdraw, to take effect 6 July 2021.

WHO member states appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly, the WHO's supreme decision-making body. All UN member states are eligible for WHO membership, and, according to the WHO website, "other countries may be admitted as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly". The World Health Assembly is attended by delegations from all member states, and determines the policies of the organization.

The executive board is composed of members technically qualified in health and gives effect to the decisions and policies of the World Health Assembly. In addition, the UN observer organizations International Committee of the Red Cross and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have entered into "official relations" with WHO and are invited as observers. In the World Health Assembly, they are seated alongside the other NGOs.

World Health Assembly and Executive Board

The World Health Assembly (WHA) is the legislative and supreme body of WHO. Based in Geneva, it typically meets yearly in May. It appoints the Director-General every five years and votes on matters of policy and finance of WHO, including the proposed budget. It also reviews reports of the Executive Board and decides whether there are areas of work requiring further examination. The Assembly elects 34 members, technically qualified in the field of health, to the Executive Board for three-year terms. The main functions of the Board are to carry out the decisions and policies of the Assembly, to advise it and to facilitate its work. As of May 2020, the chairman of the executive board is Dr. Harsh Vardhan.

Director-General

The head of the organization is the Director-General, elected by the World Health Assembly. The term lasts for 5 years, and Directors-General are typically appointed in May, when the Assembly meets. The current Director-General is Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, who was appointed on 1 July 2017.

Global institutions

Apart from regional, country and liaison offices, the World Health Assembly has also established other institutions for promoting and carrying on research.

  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

Regional offices of WHO

The regional divisions of WHO were created between 1949 and 1952, and are based on article 44 of the WHO's constitution, which allowed the WHO to "establish a [single] regional organization to meet the special needs of [each defined] area". Many decisions are made at regional level, including important discussions over WHO's budget, and in deciding the members of the next assembly, which are designated by the regions.

Each region has a regional committee, which generally meets once a year, normally in the autumn. Representatives attend from each member or associative member in each region, including those states that are not full members. For example, Palestine attends meetings of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional office. Each region also has a regional office. Each regional office is headed by a director, who is elected by the Regional Committee. The Board must approve such appointments, although as of 2004, it had never over-ruled the preference of a regional committee. The exact role of the board in the process has been a subject of debate, but the practical effect has always been small. Since 1999, Regional directors serve for a once-renewable five-year term, and typically take their position on 1 February.

Each regional committee of the WHO consists of all the Health Department heads, in all the governments of the countries that constitute the Region. Aside from electing the regional director, the regional committee is also in charge of setting the guidelines for the implementation, within the region, of the health and other policies adopted by the World Health Assembly. The regional committee also serves as a progress review board for the actions of WHO within the Region.

The regional director is effectively the head of WHO for his or her region. The RD manages and/or supervises a staff of health and other experts at the regional offices and in specialized centres. The RD is also the direct supervising authority – concomitantly with the WHO Director-General – of all the heads of WHO country offices, known as WHO Representatives, within the region.

Region Headquarters Notes Website
Africa Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo AFRO includes most of Africa, with the exception of Egypt, Sudan, Djibouti, Tunisia, Libya, Somalia and Morocco (all fall under EMRO). The Regional Director is Dr. Matshidiso Moeti, a Botswanan national. (Tenure: – present). AFRO
Europe Copenhagen, Denmark EURO includes all of Europe (except Liechtenstein) Israel, and all of the former USSR. The Regional Director is Dr. Zsuzsanna Jakab, a Hungarian national (Tenure: 2010 – present). EURO
South-East Asia New Delhi, India North Korea is served by SEARO. The Regional Director is Dr. Poonam Khetrapal Singh, an Indian national (Tenure: 2014 – present). SEARO
Eastern Mediterranean Cairo, Egypt The Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office serves the countries of Africa that are not included in AFRO, as well as all countries in the Middle East except for Israel. Pakistan is served by EMRO. The Regional Director is Dr. Ahmed Al-Mandhari, an Omani national (Tenure: 2018 – present). EMRO
Western Pacific Manila, the Philippines WPRO covers all the Asian countries not served by SEARO and EMRO, and all the countries in Oceania. South Korea is served by WPRO. The Regional Director is Dr. Shin Young-soo, a South Korean national (Tenure: 2009 – present). WPRO
The Americas Washington, D.C., United States Also known as the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and covers the Americas. The WHO Regional Director is Dr. Carissa F. Etienne, a Dominican national (Tenure: 2013 – present). AMRO

 

WHO Employees


The WHO employs 7,000 people in 149 countries and regions to carry out its principles. In support of the principle of a tobacco-free work environment, the WHO does not recruit cigarette smokers. The organization has previously instigated the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2003.

Goodwill Ambassadors

The WHO operates "Goodwill Ambassadors"; members of the arts, sports, or other fields of public life aimed at drawing attention to WHO's initiatives and projects. There are currently five Goodwill Ambassadors (Jet Li, Nancy Brinker, Peng Liyuan, Yohei Sasakawa and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra) and a further ambassador associated with a partnership project (Craig David).

Country and liaison offices

The World Health Organization operates 150 country offices in six different regions. It also operates several liaison offices, including those with the European Union, United Nations and a single office covering the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. It also operates the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon, France, and the WHO Centre for Health Development in Kobe, Japan. Additional offices include those in Pristina; the West Bank and Gaza; the US-Mexico Border Field Office in El Paso; the Office of the Caribbean Program Coordination in Barbados; and the Northern Micronesia office. There will generally be one WHO country office in the capital, occasionally accompanied by satellite-offices in the provinces or sub-regions of the country in question.

The country office is headed by a WHO Representative (WR). As of 2010, the only WHO Representative outside Europe to be a national of that country was for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ("Libya"); all other staff were international. WHO Representatives in the Region termed the Americas are referred to as PAHO/WHO Representatives. In Europe, WHO Representatives also serve as Head of Country Office, and are nationals with the exception of Serbia; there are also Heads of Country Office in Albania, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan. The WR is member of the UN system country team which is coordinated by the UN System Resident Coordinator.

The country office consists of the WR, and several health and other experts, both foreign and local, as well as the necessary support staff. The main functions of WHO country offices include being the primary adviser of that country's government in matters of health and pharmaceutical policies.

World Health Organization Financing and partnerships

Present

The WHO is financed by contributions from member states and outside donors. As of 2020, the biggest contributor is the United States, which gives over $400 million annually. U.S. contributions to the WHO are funded through the U.S. State Department’s account for Contributions to International Organizations (CIO). In 2018 the largest contributors ($150+ each) were the United States, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, United Kingdom, Germany and GAVI Alliance.

In April 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump, supported by a group of members of his party, announced that his administration would halt funding to the WHO. Funds previously earmarked for the WHO were to be held for 60–90 days pending an investigation into WHO's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in respect to the organization's purported relationship with China. The announcement was immediately criticized by world leaders including António Guterres, the secretary general of the United Nations; Heiko Maas, the German foreign minister; and Moussa Faki Mahamat, African Union chairman.

On 16 May, U.S. President Donald Trump and his administration agreed to pay up to what China pays in Assessed contributions, which is less than about one-tenth of its previous funding. China paid Biennium 2018–2019, for Assessed contributions US$75,796K, Specified voluntary contributions US$10,184K, Total US$85,980K.

No. Contributor Assessed contributions Voluntary contributions specified Total
(Biennium)
Share
1 United States of America 237 656 893 15.9%
2 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 531 531 9.4%
3 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 43 335 435 7.7%
4 GAVI Alliance 371 371 6.6%
5 Germany 61 231 292 5.2%
6 Japan 93 122 214 3.8%
7 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) 192 192 3.4%
8 Rotary International 143 143 2.5%
9 World Bank 133 133 2.4%
10 European Commission 131 131 2.3%
Others 524 1,484 2,289 40.7%
Total 957 4,328 5,624 100.0%

 

World Health Organization Controversies


IAEA – Agreement WHA 12–40

In 1959, the WHO signed Agreement WHA 12–40 with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). A selective reading of this document (clause 3) can result in the understanding that the IAEA is able to prevent the WHO from conducting research or work on some areas. The agreement states that the WHO recognizes the IAEA as having responsibility for peaceful nuclear energy without prejudice to the roles of the WHO of promoting health. The following paragraph adds:

whenever either organization proposes to initiate a programme or activity on a subject in which the other organization has or may have a substantial interest, the first party shall consult the other with a view to adjusting the matter by mutual agreement.

Roman Catholic Church and AIDS

In 2003, the WHO denounced the Roman Curia's health department's opposition to the use of condoms, saying: "These incorrect statements about condoms and HIV are dangerous when we are facing a global pandemic which has already killed more than 20 million people, and currently affects at least 42 million." As of 2009, the Catholic Church remains opposed to increasing the use of contraception to combat HIV/AIDS. At the time, the World Health Assembly President, Guyana's Health Minister Leslie Ramsammy, condemned Pope Benedict's opposition to contraception, saying he was trying to "create confusion" and "impede" proven strategies in the battle against the disease.

2009 swine flu pandemic

In 2007, the WHO organized work on pandemic influenza vaccine development through clinical trials in collaboration with many experts and health officials. A pandemic involving the H1N1 influenza virus was declared by the then Director-General Margaret Chan in April 2009. Margret Chan declared in 2010 that the H1N1 has moved into the post-pandemic period.

By the post-pandemic period critics claimed the WHO had exaggerated the danger, spreading "fear and confusion" rather than "immediate information". Industry experts countered that the 2009 pandemic had led to "unprecedented collaboration between global health authorities, scientists and manufacturers, resulting in the most comprehensive pandemic response ever undertaken, with a number of vaccines approved for use three months after the pandemic declaration. This response was only possible because of the extensive preparations undertaken during the last decade".

2013–2016 Ebola outbreak and reform efforts

Following the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the organization was heavily criticized for its bureaucracy, insufficient financing, regional structure, and staffing profile.

An internal WHO report on the Ebola response pointed to underfunding and the lack of "core capacity" in health systems in developing countries as the primary weaknesses of the existing system. At the annual World Health Assembly in 2015, Director-General Margaret Chan announced a $100 million Contingency Fund for rapid response to future emergencies, of which it had received $26.9 million by April 2016 (for 2017 disbursement). WHO has budgeted an additional $494 million for its Health Emergencies Programme in 2016–17, for which it had received $140 million by April 2016.

The program was aimed at rebuilding WHO capacity for direct action, which critics said had been lost due to budget cuts in the previous decade that had left the organization in an advisory role dependent on member states for on-the-ground activities. In comparison, billions of dollars have been spent by developed countries on the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic and 2015–16 Zika epidemic.

FCTC implementation database

The WHO has a Framework Convention on Tobacco implementation database which is one of the few mechanisms to help enforce compliance with the FCTC. However, there have been reports of numerous discrepancies between it and national implementation reports on which it was built. As researchers Hoffman and Rizvi report "As of July 4, 2012, 361 (32·7%) of 1104 countries' responses were misreported: 33 (3·0%) were clear errors (e.g., database indicated 'yes' when report indicated 'no'), 270 (24·5%) were missing despite countries having submitted responses, and 58 (5·3%) were, in our opinion, misinterpreted by WHO staff".

IARC controversies

The WHO sub-department, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), has been criticized for the way it analyses the tendency of certain substances and activities to cause cancer and for having a politically motivated bias when it selects studies for its analysis. Ed Yong, a British science journalist, has criticized the agency and its "confusing" category system for misleading the public. Marcel Kuntz, a French director of research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, criticized the agency for its classification of potentially carcinogenic substances. He claimed that this classification did not take into account the extent of exposure: for example, red meat is qualified as probably carcinogenic, but the quantity of consumed red meat at which it could become dangerous is not specified.

Controversies have erupted multiple times when the IARC has classified many things as Class 2a (probable carcinogens) or 2b (possible carcinogen), including cell phone signals, glyphosate, drinking hot beverages, and working as a barber.

Taiwanese membership and participation

Between 2009 and 2016 Taiwan was allowed to attend WHO meetings and events as an observer but was forced to stop due to renewed pressure from China.

Political pressure from China has led to Taiwan being barred from membership of the WHO and other UN-affiliated organizations, and in 2017 to 2020 the WHO refused to allow Taiwanese delegates to attend the WHO annual assembly. According to Taiwanese publication The News Lens, on multiple occasions Taiwanese journalists have been denied access to report on the assembly.

In May 2018, the WHO denied access to its annual assembly by Taiwanese media, reportedly due to demands from China. Later in May 172 members of the United States House of Representatives wrote to the Director-General of the World Health Organization to argue for Taiwan's inclusion as an observer at the WHA. The United States, Japan, Germany, and Australia all support Taiwan's inclusion in WHO.

Travel expenses
According to The Associated Press, the WHO routinely spends about $200 million a year on travel expenses, more than it spends to tackle mental health problems, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria combined. In 2016, Margaret Chan, Director-General of WHO from January 2007 to June 2017, stayed in a $1000-per-night hotel room while visiting West Africa.

Robert Mugabe's role as a goodwill ambassador

Ghebreyesus appointed former Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe as a WHO Goodwill Ambassador to help promote the fight against non-communicable diseases. The appointment address praised Mugabe for his commitment to public health in Zimbabwe.

The appointment attracted widespread condemnation and criticism in WHO member states and international organizations due to Robert Mugabe's poor record on human rights and presiding over a decline in Zimbabwe's public health. Due to the outcry, the following day the appointment was revoked.

2019–20 COVID-19 pandemic

The WHO faced criticism from the United States' Trump administration while "guiding the world in how to tackle the deadly" COVID-19 pandemic.] The WHO created an Incident Management Support Team on 1 January 2020, one day after Chinese health authorities notified the organization of a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology. On 5 January the WHO notified all member states of the outbreak, and in subsequent days provided guidance to all countries on how to respond, and confirmed the first infection outside China. The organization warned of limited human-to-human transmission on 14 January, and confirmed human-to-human transmission one week later. On 30 January the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, considered a "call to action" and "last resort" measure for the international community. The WHO's recommendations were followed by many countries including Germany, Singapore and South Korea, but not by the United States. The WHO subsequently established a program to deliver testing, protective, and medical supplies to low-income countries to help them manage the crisis.

While organizing the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic and overseeing "more than 35 emergency operations" for cholera, measles and other epidemics internationally, the WHO has been criticized for praising China's public health response to the crisis while seeking to maintain a "diplomatic balancing act" between China and the United States. Commentators including John Mackenzie of the WHO's emergency committee and Anne Schuchat of the US CDC have stated that China's official tally of cases and deaths may be an underestimation. David Heymann, professor of infectious disease epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said in response that "China has been very transparent and open in sharing its data... and they opened up all of their files with the WHO."

Amitabh Bachchan: Career, Life, Family, Honors, Net worth

Amitabh Bachchan ( born 11 October 1942) is an Indian film actor, film producer, television host, occasional playback singer and former politician. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s for films such as Zanjeer, Deewaar and Sholay, and was dubbed India's "angry young man" for his on-screen roles in Bollywood. Referred to as the Shahenshah of Bollywood (in reference to his 1988 film Shahenshah), Sadi ka Mahanayak (Hindi for, "Greatest actor of the century"), Star of the Millennium, or Big B, he has since appeared in over 200 Indian films in a career spanning more than five decades. Bachchan is regarded as one of the greatest actors in the history of Indian cinema.

He was the most dominant actor in the Indian movie scene during the 1970s–1980s, with the French director François Truffaut calling him a "one-man industry". Beyond the Indian subcontinent, he also has a large overseas following in markets including Africa (South Africa and Mauritius), the Middle East (especially UAE and Egypt), the United Kingdom, Russia, the Caribbean (Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago), Oceania (Fiji, Australia, and New Zealand) and parts of the United States.

Bachchan has won numerous accolades in his career, including four National Film Awards as Best Actor, Dadasaheb Phalke Award as lifetime achievement award and many awards at international film festivals and award ceremonies. He has won fifteen Filmfare Awards and is the most nominated performer in any major acting category at Filmfare, with 41 nominations overall. In addition to acting, Bachchan has worked as a playback singer, film producer and television presenter. He has hosted several seasons of the game show Kaun Banega Crorepati, India's version of the game show franchise, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. He also entered politics for a time in the 1980s.

The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 1984, the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2015 for his contributions to the arts. The Government of France honoured him with its highest civilian honour, Knight of the Legion of Honour, in 2007 for his exceptional career in the world of cinema and beyond. Bachchan also made an appearance in a Hollywood film, Baz Luhrmann's The Great Gatsby (2013), in which he played a non-Indian Jewish character, Meyer Wolfsheim.

Amitabh Bachchan Biography

 

Key Description:


Born: 11 October 1942 (age 77), Allahabad, United Provinces, British India (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)

Nationality: Indian

Other Names:

  • Angry Young Man
  • Shahenshah of Bollywood
  • Star of the Millennium
  • and Big B

Education:

  • Sherwood College, Nainital
  • Kirori Mal College, Delhi University

Occupation

  • Actor
  • Producer
  • Singer
  • Television Presenter
  • Composer

Years Active: 1969–present

Net worth of Amitabh Bachchan: $400 million (2020)

Spouse(s): Jaya Bhaduri(m. 1973)

Children

  • Abhishek Bachchan
  • Shweta Bachchan Nanda

Parents

  • Harivansh Rai Bachchan (father)
  • Teji Bachchan (mother)

Awards Full List

  • Honours Dadasaheb Phalke Award (2019)
  • Padma Vibhushan (2015)
  • Padma Bhushan (2001)
  • Padma Shri

Website Official blog

Social Network: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram

 

Amitabh Bachchan Early Life And Family


Bachchan was born in Allahabad. His ancestors on his father's side came from a village called Babupatti, in the Raniganj tehsil, in the Pratapgarh district, in the present-day state of Uttar Pradesh, in India. His mother, Teji Bachchan, was a social activist and Punjabi Sikh woman from Lyallpur, Punjab, British India (present-day Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan). His father, Harivansh Rai Bachchan was an Awadhi Hindu. His father was a poet, who was fluent in Awadhi, Hindi and Urdu.

Bachchan was initially named Inquilaab, inspired by the phrase Inquilab Zindabad (which translates into English as "Long live the revolution") popularly used during the Indian independence struggle. However, at the suggestion of fellow poet Sumitranandan Pant, Harivansh Rai changed the boy's name to Amitabh, which, according to a The Times of India article, means "the light that will never die". Although his surname was Shrivastava, Amitabh's father had adopted the pen name Bachchan ("child-like" in colloquial Hindi), under which he published all of his works. It is with this last name that Amitabh debuted in films and for all other practical purposes, Bachchan has become the surname for all of his immediate family. Bachchan's father died in 2003, and his mother in 2007.

Bachchan is an alumnus of Sherwood College, Nainital. He later attended Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi. He has a younger brother, Ajitabh. His mother had a keen interest in theatre and was offered a feature film role, but she preferred her domestic duties. Teji had some influence in Amitabh Bachchan's choice of career because she always insisted that he should "take the centre stage".

The actor who Bachchan credits as having the biggest impact on him was Dilip Kumar. In particular, Bachchan says he learnt more about acting from Kumar's Gunga Jumna (1961) than he did from any other film. Bachchan was particularly impressed by Kumar's mastery of Awadhi, expressing awe and surprise as to how “a man who’s not from Allahabad and Uttar Pradesh” could accurately express all the nuances of Awadhi. Bachchan adapted Kumar's style, reinterpreting it in a contemporary urban context, adopting some of Kumar's method acting, and sharpening the intensity, resulting in his famous "angry young man" persona.

He is married to actress Jaya Bhaduri.

 

Amitabh Bachchan Acting Career


Early career (1969–1972)

Bachchan made his film debut in 1969, as a voice narrator in Mrinal Sen's National Award-winning film Bhuvan Shome. His first acting role was as one of the seven protagonists in the film Saat Hindustani, directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and featuring Utpal Dutt, Anwar Ali (brother of comedian Mehmood), Madhu and Jalal Agha.

Anand (1971) followed, in which Bachchan starred alongside Rajesh Khanna. His role as a doctor with a cynical view of life garnered Bachchan his first Filmfare Best Supporting Actor award. He then played his first antagonist role as an infatuated lover-turned-murderer in Parwana (1971). Following Parwana were several films including Reshma Aur Shera (1971). During this time, he made a guest appearance in the film Guddi which starred his future wife Jaya Bhaduri. He narrated part of the film Bawarchi. In 1972 he made an appearance in the road action comedy Bombay to Goa directed by S. Ramanathan which was moderately successful. Many of Bachchan's films during this early period did not do well, but that was about to change. His only film with Mala Sinha, Sanjog (1972) was also a box office failure.

 

Amitabh Bachchan Rise to stardom (1973–1974)


Bachchan was struggling, seen as a "failed newcomer" who, by the age of 30, had twelve flops and only two hits (as a lead in Bombay to Goa and supporting role in Anand). Bachchan was soon discovered by screenwriter duo Salim-Javed, consisting of Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar. Salim Khan wrote the story, screenplay and script of Zanjeer (1973), and conceived the "angry young man" persona of the lead role. Javed Akhtar came on board as co-writer, and Prakash Mehra, who saw the script as potentially groundbreaking, as the film's director. However, they were struggling to find an actor for the lead "angry young man" role; it was turned down by a number of actors, owing to it going against the "romantic hero" image dominant in the industry at the time. Salim-Javed soon discovered Bachchan and "saw his talent, which most makers didn't. He was exceptional, a genius actor who was in films that weren't good." According to Salim Khan, they "strongly felt that Amitabh was the ideal casting for Zanjeer". Salim Khan introduced Bachchan to Prakash Mehra, and Salim-Javed insisted that Bachchan be cast for the role.

Zanjeer was a crime film with violent action, in sharp contrast to the romantically themed films that had generally preceded it, and it established Amitabh in a new persona—the "angry young man" of Bollywood cinema. He earned his first Filmfare Award nomination for Best Actor, with Filmfare later considering this one of the most iconic performances of Bollywood history. The film was a huge success and one of the highest-grossing films of that year, breaking Bachchan's dry spell at the box office and making him a star. It was the first of many collaborations between Salim-Javed and Amitabh Bachchan; Salim-Javed wrote many of their subsequent scripts with Bachchan in mind for the lead role, and insisted on him being cast for their later films, including blockbusters such as Deewaar (1975) and Sholay (1975). Salim Khan also introduced Bachchan to director Manmohan Desai with whom he formed a long and successful association, alongside Prakash Mehra and Yash Chopra.

Eventually, Bachchan became one of the most successful leading men of the film industry. Bachchan's portrayal of the wronged hero fighting a crooked system and circumstances of deprivation in films like Zanjeer, Deeewar, Trishul, Kaala Patthar and Shakti resonated with the masses of the time, especially the youth who harboured a simmering discontent owing to social ills such as poverty, hunger, unemployment, corruption, social inequality and the brutal excesses of The Emergency. This led to Bachchan being dubbed as the "angry young man", a journalistic catchphrase which became a metaphor for the dormant rage, frustration, restlessness, sense of rebellion and anti-establishment disposition of an entire generation, prevalent in 1970s India.

The year 1973 was also when he married Jaya, and around this time they appeared in several films together: not only Zanjeer but also subsequent films such as Abhimaan, which was released only a month after their marriage and was also successful at the box office. Later, Bachchan played the role of Vikram, once again along with Rajesh Khanna, in the film Namak Haraam, a social drama directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee and scripted by Biresh Chatterjee addressing themes of friendship. His supporting role won him his second Filmfare Best Supporting Actor award.

In 1974, Bachchan made several guest appearances in films such as Kunwara Baap and Dost, before playing a supporting role in Roti Kapda Aur Makaan. The film, directed and written by Manoj Kumar, addressed themes of honesty in the face of oppression and financial and emotional hardship and was the top-earning film of 1974. Bachchan then played the leading role in the film Majboor. The film was a success at the box office.

Superstardom (1975–1988)

In 1975, he starred in a variety of film genres, from the comedy Chupke Chupke and the crime drama Faraar to the romantic drama Mili. This was also the year in which Bachchan starred in two films regarded as important in Hindi cinema history, both written by Salim-Javed, who again insisted on casting Bachchan. The first was Deewaar, directed by Yash Chopra, where he worked with Shashi Kapoor, Nirupa Roy, Parveen Babi, and Neetu Singh, and earned another Filmfare nomination for Best Actor. The film became a major hit at the box office in 1975, ranking in at number four. Indiatimes Movies ranks Deewaar amongst the Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films. The other, released on 15 August 1975, was Sholay, which became the highest-grossing film ever in India at the time, in which Bachchan played the role of Jaidev. Deewaar and Sholay are often credited with exalting Bachchan to the heights of superstardom, two years after he became a star with Zanjeer, and consolidating his domination of the industry throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In 1999, BBC India declared Sholay the "Film of the Millennium" and, like Deewar, it has been cited by Indiatimes Movies as amongst the Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films. In that same year, the judges of the 50th annual Filmfare Awards awarded it with the special distinction award called the Filmfare Best Film of 50 Years.

In 1976, he was cast by Yash Chopra in the romantic family drama Kabhie Kabhie. Bachchan starred as a young poet, Amit Malhotra, who falls deeply in love with a beautiful young girl named Pooja (Rakhee Gulzar) who ends up marrying someone else (Shashi Kapoor). The film was notable for portraying Bachchan as a romantic hero, a far cry from his "angry young man" roles like Zanjeer and Deewar. The film evoked a favourable response from critics and audiences alike. Bachchan was again nominated for the Filmfare Best Actor Award for his role in the film. That same year he played a double role in the hit Adalat as father and son. In 1977, he won his first Filmfare Best Actor Award for his performance in Amar Akbar Anthony, in which he played the third lead opposite Vinod Khanna and Rishi Kapoor as Anthony Gonsalves. The film was the highest-grossing film of that year. His other successes that year include Parvarish and Khoon Pasina.

He once again resumed double roles in films such as Kasme Vaade (1978) as Amit and Shankar and Don (1978) playing the characters of Don, a leader of an underworld gang and his look-alike Vijay. His performance won him his second Filmfare Best Actor Award. He also gave towering performances in Yash Chopra's Trishul and Prakash Mehra's Muqaddar Ka Sikandar both of which earned him further Filmfare Best Actor nominations. 1978 is arguably considered his most successful year at the box office since all of his six releases the same year, namely Muqaddar Ka Sikandar, Trishul, Don, Kasme Vaade, Ganga Ki Saugandh and Besharam were massive successes, the former three being the consecutive highest-grossing films of the year, remarkably releasing within a couple of months of each other, a rare feat in Indian cinema.

In 1979, Bachchan starred in Suhaag which was the highest earning film of that year. In the same year he also enjoyed critical acclaim and commercial success with films like Mr. Natwarlal, Kaala Patthar, The Great Gambler and Manzil. Amitabh was required to use his singing voice for the first time in a song from the film Mr. Natwarlal in which he starred with Rekha. Bachchan's performance in the film saw him nominated for both the Filmfare Best Actor Award and the Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer. He also received Best Actor nomination for Kaala Patthar and then went on to be nominated again in 1980 for the Raj Khosla directed film Dostana, in which he starred opposite Shatrughan Sinha and Zeenat Aman. Dostana proved to be the top-grossing film of 1980. In 1981, he starred in Yash Chopra's melodrama film Silsila, where he starred alongside his wife Jaya and also Rekha. Other successful films of this period include Shaan (1980), Ram Balram (1980), Naseeb (1981), Lawaaris (1981), Kaalia (1981), Yaarana (1981), Barsaat Ki Ek Raat (1981) and Shakti (1982), also starring Dilip Kumar.

In 1982, he played double roles in the musical Satte Pe Satta and action drama Desh Premee which succeeded at the box office along with mega hits like action comedy Namak Halaal, action drama Khud-Daar and the critically acclaimed drama Bemisal. In 1983, he played a triple role in Mahaan which was not as successful as his previous films. Other releases during that year included Nastik, Andha Kanoon (in which he had an extended guest appearance) which were hits and Pukar was an average grosser During a stint in politics from 1984 to 1987, his completed films Mard (1985) and Aakhree Raasta (1986) were released and were major hits.

Coolie injury

On 26 July 1982, while filming Coolie, in the University Campus in Bangalore, Bachchan suffered a near-fatal intestinal injury during the filming of a fight scene with co-actor Puneet Issar. Bachchan was performing his own stunts in the film and one scene required him to fall onto a table and then on the ground. However, as he jumped towards the table, the corner of the table struck his abdomen, resulting in a splenic rupture from which he lost a significant amount of blood. He required an emergency splenectomy and remained critically ill in hospital for many months, at times close to death. The overwhelming public response included prayers in temples and offers to sacrifice limbs to save him, while later, there were long queues of well-wishing fans outside the hospital where he was recuperating.

Nevertheless, he resumed filming later that year after a long period of recuperation. The film was released in 1983, and partly due to the huge publicity of Bachchan's accident, the film was a box office success and the top-grossing film of that year.

The director, Manmohan Desai, altered the ending of Coolie after Bachchan's accident. Bachchan's character was originally intended to have been killed off but after the change of script, the character lived in the end. It would have been inappropriate, said Desai, for the man who had just fended off death in real life to be killed on screen. Also, in the released film the footage of the fight scene is frozen at the critical moment, and a caption appears onscreen marking this as the instant of the actor's injury and the ensuing publicity of the accident.

Later, he was diagnosed with Myasthenia gravis. His illness made him feel weak both mentally and physically and he decided to quit films and venture into politics. At this time he became pessimistic, expressing concern with how a new film would be received, and stating before every release, "Yeh film to flop hogi!" ("This film will flop").

Career fluctuations and sabbatical (1988–1992)

After a three-year stint in politics from 1984 to 1987, Bachchan returned to films in 1988, playing the title role in Shahenshah, which was a box office success. After the success of his comeback film however, his star power began to wane as all of his subsequent films like Jaadugar, Toofan and Main Azaad Hoon (all released in 1989) failed at the box office. Successes during this period like the crime drama Aaj Ka Arjun (1990) and action crime drama Hum (1991), for which he won his third Filmfare Best Actor Award, looked like they might reverse the trend, but this momentum was short-lived and his string of box office failures continued. Notably, despite the lack of hits, it was during this era that Bachchan won his first National Film Award for Best Actor for his performance as a Mafia don in the 1990 cult film Agneepath. These years would see his last on-screen appearances for some time. After the release of the critically acclaimed epic Khuda Gawah in 1992, Bachchan went into semi-retirement for five years. With the exception of the delayed release of Insaniyat (1994), which was also a box office failure, Bachchan did not appear in any new releases for five years.

Productions and acting comeback (1996–1999)

Bachchan turned producer during his temporary retirement period, setting up Amitabh Bachchan Corporation, Ltd. (ABCL) in 1996. ABCL's strategy was to introduce products and services covering an entire cross-section of India's entertainment industry. ABCL's operations were mainstream commercial film production and distribution, audio cassettes and video discs, production and marketing of television software, and celebrity and event management. Soon after the company was launched in 1996, the first film it produced was Tere Mere Sapne, which was a moderate success and launched the careers of actors like Arshad Warsi and southern film star Simran.

In 1997, Bachchan attempted to make his acting comeback with the film Mrityudata, produced by ABCL. Though Mrityudaata attempted to reprise Bachchan's earlier success as an action hero, the film was a failure both financially and critically. ABCL was the main sponsor of the 1996 Miss World beauty pageant, Bangalore, but lost millions. The fiasco and the consequent legal battles surrounding ABCL and various entities after the event, coupled with the fact that ABCL was reported to have overpaid most of its top-level managers, eventually led to its financial and operational collapse in 1997. The company went into administration and was later declared a failed company by the Indian Industries board. The Bombay high court, in April 1999, restrained Bachchan from selling off his Bombay bungalow 'Prateeksha' and two flats till the pending loan recovery cases of Canara Bank were disposed of. Bachchan had, however, pleaded that he had mortgaged his bungalow to raise funds for his company.

Bachchan attempted to revive his acting career, and eventually had commercial success with Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998) and Major Saab (1998), and received positive reviews for Sooryavansham (1999), but other films such as Lal Baadshah (1999) and Hindustan Ki Kasam (1999) were box office failures.

Return to prominence (2000–present)

In 2000, Amitabh Bachchan appeared in Yash Chopra's box-office hit, Mohabbatein, directed by Aditya Chopra. He played a stern, elder figure who rivalled the character of Shahrukh Khan. His role won him his third Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award. Other hits followed, with Bachchan appearing as an older family patriarch in Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love (2001), Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001) and Baghban (2003). As an actor, he continued to perform in a range of characters, receiving critical praise for his performances in Aks (2001), Aankhen (2002), Kaante (2002), Khakee (2004) and Dev (2004). His performance in Aks won him his first Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor.

One project that did particularly well for Bachchan was Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Black (2005). The film starred Bachchan as an ageing teacher of a deaf-blind girl and followed their relationship. His performance was unanimously praised by critics and audiences and won him his second National Film Award for Best Actor, his fourth Filmfare Best Actor Award and his second Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor. Taking advantage of this resurgence, Amitabh began endorsing a variety of products and services, appearing in many television and billboard advertisements. In 2005 and 2006, he starred with his son Abhishek in the films Bunty Aur Babli (2005), the Godfather tribute Sarkar (2005), and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006). All of them were successful at the box office. His later releases in 2006 and early 2007 were Baabul (2006), Ekalavya and Nishabd (2007), which failed to do well at the box office but his performances in each of them were praised by critics.

In May 2007, two of his films: the romantic comedy Cheeni Kum and the multi-starrer action drama Shootout at Lokhandwala were released. Shootout at Lokhandwala did well at the box office and was declared a hit in India, while Cheeni Kum picked up after a slow start and was a success. A remake of his biggest hit, Sholay (1975), entitled Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag, released in August of that same year and proved to be a major commercial failure in addition to its poor critical reception. The year also marked Bachchan's first appearance in an English-language film, Rituparno Ghosh's The Last Lear, co-starring Arjun Rampal and Preity Zinta. The film premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2007. He received positive reviews from critics who hailed his performance as his best ever since Black. Bachchan was slated to play a supporting role in his first international film, Shantaram, directed by Mira Nair and starring Hollywood actor Johnny Depp in the lead. The film was due to begin filming in February 2008 but due to the writer's strike, was pushed to September 2008. The film is currently "shelved" indefinitely.

Vivek Sharma's Bhoothnath, in which he plays the title role as a ghost, was released on 9 May 2008. Sarkar Raj, the sequel of the 2005 film Sarkar, released in June 2008 and received a positive response at the box office. Paa, which released at the end of 2009 was a highly anticipated project as it saw him playing his own son Abhishek's Progeria-affected 13-year-old son, and it opened to favorable reviews, particularly towards Bachchan's performance and was one of the top-grossing films of 2009. It won him his third National Film Award for Best Actor and fifth Filmfare Best Actor Award. In 2010, he debuted in Malayalam film through Kandahar, directed by Major Ravi and co-starring Mohanlal. The film was based on the hijacking incident of the Indian Airlines Flight 814. Bachchan declined any remuneration for this film.

In 2013 he made his Hollywood debut in The Great Gatsby making a special appearance opposite Leonardo DiCaprio and Tobey Maguire. In 2014, he played the role of the friendly ghost in the sequel Bhoothnath Returns. The next year, he played the role of a grumpy father suffering from chronic constipation in the critically acclaimed Piku which was also one of the biggest hits of 2015. A review in Daily News and Analysis (DNA) summarized Bachchan's performance as "The heart and soul of Piku clearly belong to Amitabh Bachchan who is in his elements. His performance in Piku, without doubt, finds a place among the top 10 in his illustrious career." Rachel Saltz wrote for The New York Times, "Piku," an offbeat Hindi comedy, would have you contemplate the intestines and mortality of one Bhashkor Banerji and the actor who plays him, Amitabh Bachchan. Bhashkor's life and conversation may revolve around his constipation and fussy hypochondria, but there's no mistaking the scene-stealing energy that Mr. Bachchan, India's erstwhile Angry Young Man, musters for his new role of Cranky Old Man." Well known Indian critic Rajeev Masand wrote on his website, "Bachchan is pretty terrific as Bhashkor, who reminds you of that oddball uncle that you nevertheless have a soft spot for. He bickers with the maids, harrows his hapless helper, and expects that Piku stay unmarried so she can attend to him. At one point, to ward off a possible suitor, he casually mentions that his daughter isn't a virgin; that she's financially independent and sexually independent too. Bachchan embraces the character's many idiosyncrasies, never once slipping into caricature while all along delivering big laughs thanks to his spot-on comic timing. The Guardian summed up, "Bachchan seizes upon his cranky character part, making Bashkor as garrulously funny in his theories on caste and marriage as his system is backed-up." The performance won Bachchan his fourth National Film Award for Best Actor and his third Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor.

In 2016, he appeared in the women-centric courtroom drama film Pink which was highly praised by critics and with an increasingly good word of mouth, was a resounding success at the domestic and overseas box office. Bachchan's performance in the film received acclaim. According to Raja Sen of Rediff.com, "Amitabh Bachchan, a retired lawyer suffering from bipolar disorder, takes up cudgels on behalf of the girls, delivering courtroom blows with pugilistic grace. Like we know from Prakash Mehra movies, into each life some Bachchan must fall. The girls hang on to him with incredulous desperation, and he bats for them with all he has. At one point Meenal hangs by Bachchan's elbow, words entirely unnecessary. Bachchan towers through Pink – the way he bellows "et cetera" is alone worth having the heavy-hitter at play—but there are softer moments like one where he appears to have dozed off in court, or where he lays his head by his convalescent wife's bedside and needs his hair ruffled and his conviction validated." Writing for Hindustan Times, noted film critic and author Anupama Chopra said of Bachchan's performance, "A special salute to Amitabh Bachchan, who imbues his character with a tragic majesty. Bachchan towers in every sense, but without a hint of showboating. Meena Iyer of The Times of India wrote, "The performances are pitch-perfect with Bachchan leading the way. Writing for NDTV, Troy Ribeiro of Indo-Asian News Service (IANS) stated, 'Amitabh Bachchan as Deepak Sehgall, the aged defence lawyer, shines as always, in a restrained, but powerful performance. His histrionics come primarily in the form of his well-modulated baritone, conveying his emotions and of course, from the well-written lines.' Mike McCahill of The Guardian remarked, "Among an electric ensemble, Tapsee Pannu, Kirti Kulhari and Andrea Tariang give unwavering voice to the girls’ struggles; Amitabh Bachchan brings his moral authority to bear as their sole legal ally.

In 2017, he appeared in the third instalment of the Sarkar film series: Ram Gopal Varma's Sarkar 3. That year, he started filming for the swashbuckling action adventure film Thugs Of Hindostan with Aamir Khan, Katrina Kaif and Fatima Sana Shaikh which released in November 2018. He co-starred with Rishi Kapoor in 102 Not Out, a comedy-drama film directed by Umesh Shukla based on a Gujarati play of the same name written by Saumya Joshi. This film released in May 2018 and reunited him with Kapoor onscreen after a gap of twenty-seven years. In October 2017, it was announced that Bachchan will appear in Ayan Mukerji's Brahmastra, alongside Ranbir Kapoor and Alia Bhatt.

 

Amitabh Bachchan Other Work


Political Career of Amitabh Bachchan

In 1984, Bachchan took a break from acting and briefly entered politics in support of a long-time family friend, Rajiv Gandhi. He contested Allahabad's seat for the 8th Lok Sabha against H. N. Bahuguna, former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and won by one of the highest victory margins in general election history (68.2% of the vote). His political career, however, was short-lived: he resigned after three years, calling politics a cesspool. The resignation followed the implication of Bachchan and his brother in the "Bofors scandal" by a newspaper, which he vowed to take to court. Bachchan was eventually found not guilty of involvement in the ordeal. He was framed in the scam and falsely alleged. This was cleared by Swedish police chief Sten Lindstrom.

His old friend, Amar Singh, helped him during the financial crisis caused by the failure of his company, ABCL. Thereafter Bachchan started supporting the Samajwadi Party, the political party to which Amar Singh belonged. Furthermore, Jaya Bachchan joined the Samajwadi Party and represented the party as an MP in the Rajya Sabha. Bachchan has continued to do favours for the Samajwadi Party, including appearing in advertisements and political campaigns. These activities have recently got him into trouble in the Indian courts for false claims after a previous incident of submission of legal papers by him, stating that he is a farmer.

A 15-year press ban against Bachchan was imposed during his peak acting years by Stardust and some of the other film magazines. In defence, Bachchan claimed to have banned the press from entering his sets until late 1989.

Bachchan has been accused of using the slogan "blood for blood" in the context of the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. Bachchan has denied the allegation. In October 2014, Bachchan was summoned by a court in Los Angeles for "allegedly instigating violence against the Sikh community". Bachchan in an interview with journalist Arnab Goswami offered to fight the case in court and asked the accusers to file the same as also present proof. General consensus is that Bachchan in his slogan most probably meant Khalistani terrorists and modules active in the country at that point of time and not the Sikh community in general.

He is also one of the trustees of Rajiv Gandhi Foundation.

Television appearances

In 2000, Bachchan hosted the first season of Kaun Banega Crorepati (KBC), the Indian adaptation of the British television game show, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The show was well received. A second season followed in 2005 but its run was cut short by Star Plus when Bachchan fell ill in 2006.

In 2009, Bachchan hosted the third season of the reality show Bigg Boss.

In 2010, Bachchan hosted the fourth season of KBC. The fifth season started on 15 August 2011 and ended on 17 November 2011. The show became a massive hit with audiences and broke many TRP Records. CNN IBN awarded Indian of the Year- Entertainment to Team KBC and Bachchan. The Show also grabbed all the major Awards for its category. Bachchan continued to host KBC until 2017.

The sixth season was also hosted by Bachchan, commencing on 7 September 2012, broadcast on Sony TV and received the highest number of viewers thus far.

In 2014, he debuted in the fictional Sony Entertainment Television TV series titled Yudh playing the lead role of a businessman battling both his personal and professional life.

Voice-acting

Bachchan is known for his deep, baritone voice. He has been a narrator, a playback singer, and presenter for numerous programmes. Renowned film director Satyajit Ray was so impressed with Bachchan's voice that he decided to use Bachchan as the narrator in his 1977 film Shatranj Ke Khilari (The Chess Players). Bachchan lent his voice as a narrator to the 2001 movie Lagaan which was a super hit. In 2005, Bachchan lent his voice to the Oscar-winning French documentary March of the Penguins, directed by Luc Jacquet.

He also has done voice-over work for the following movies:

  • Bhuvan Shome (1969)
  • Bawarchi (1972)
  • Balika Badhu (1975)
  • Tere Mere Sapne (1996)
  • Hello Brother (1999)
  • Lagaan (2001)
  • Parineeta (2005)
  • Jodhaa Akbar (2008)
  • Swami (2007)
  • Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya! (2009)
  • Ra.One (2011)
  • Kahaani (2012)
  • Krrish 3 (2013)
  • Mahabharat (2013)
  • Kochadaiiyaan (Hindi Version) (2014)
  • The Ghazi Attack (2017)
  • Firangi (2017)

Humanitarian Causes

Bachchan has been involved with many social causes. For example, he donated ₹1.1 million to clear the debts of nearly 40 beleaguered farmers in Andhra Pradesh and ₹3 million to clear the debts of some 100 Vidarbha farmers. In 2010, he donated ₹1.1 million to Resul Pookutty's foundation for a medical centre at Kochi, and he has given ₹250,000 ($4,678) to the family of Delhi policeman Subhash Chand Tomar who died after succumbing to injuries during a protest against gang-rape after the 2012 Delhi gang rape case. He founded the Harivansh Rai Bachchan Memorial Trust, named after his father, in 2013. This trust, in association with Urja Foundation, will be powering 3,000 homes in India with electricity through solar energy. In June 2019 he cleared debts of 2100 farmers from Bihar.

Bachchan was made a UNICEF goodwill ambassador for the polio Eradication Campaign in India in 2002. In 2013, he and his family donated ₹2.5 million ($42,664) to a charitable trust, Plan India, that works for the betterment of young girls in India. He also donated ₹1.1 million ($18,772) to the Maharashtra Police Welfare Fund in 2013.

Bachchan was the face of the 'Save Our Tigers' campaign that promoted the importance of tiger conservation in India. He supported the campaign by PETA in India to free Sunder, a 14-year-old elephant who was chained and tortured in a temple in Kolhapur, Maharashtra.

In 2014, it was announced that he had recorded his voice and lent his image to the Hindi and English language versions of the TeachAIDS software, an international HIV/AIDS prevention education tool developed at Stanford University. He has been a vocal "brand ambassador" of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and featured in a few advertisements to promote the campaign.

In 2020, Bachchan was helping the Government of India promote its public health message concerning Covid-19 before he and some members of his family themselves became infected. He was hospitalised with reported mild symptoms of the disease on 11 July. He was discharged from hospital on 2 August.

Business investments

Amitabh Bachchan has invested in many upcoming business ventures. In 2013, he bought a 10% stake in Just Dial from which he made a gain of 4600 percent. He holds a 3.4% equity in Stampede Capital, a financial technology firm specialising in cloud computing for financial markets. The Bachchan family also bought shares worth $252,000 in Meridian Tech, a consulting company in U.S. Recently they made their first overseas investment in Ziddu.com, a cloud based content distribution platform. Bachchan was named in the Panama Papers and Paradise Papers, leaked confidential documents relating to offshore investment.

Amitabh Bachchan Awards And Honors


Apart from industry awards won for his performances throughout the years, Bachchan has received several honors for his achievements in the Indian film industry. In 1991, he became the first artist to receive the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award, which was established in the name of Raj Kapoor. Bachchan was crowned as Superstar of the Millennium in 2000 at the Filmfare Awards.

In 1999, Bachchan was voted the "greatest star of stage or screen" in a BBC Your Millennium online poll. The organisation noted that "Many people in the western world will not have heard of [him] ... [but it] is a reflection of the huge popularity of Indian films." In 2001, he was honoured with the Actor of the Century award at the Alexandria International Film Festival in Egypt in recognition of his contribution to the world of cinema. Many other honours for his achievements were conferred upon him at several International Film Festivals, including the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2010 Asian Film Awards.

In June 2000, he became the first living Asian to have been modelled in wax at London's Madame Tussauds Wax Museum. Another statue was installed in New York in 2009, Hong Kong in 2011, Bangkok in 2011, Washington, DC in 2012, and Delhi, in 2017.

In 2003, he was conferred with the Honorary Citizenship of the French town of Deauville. The Government of India awarded him with the Padma Shri in 1984, the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2015. The then-President of Afghanistan awarded him the Order of Afghanistan in 1991 following the shooting of Khuda Gawah there. France's highest civilian honour, the Knight of the Legion of Honour, was conferred upon him by the French Government in 2007 for his "exceptional career in the world of cinema and beyond". On 27 July 2012, Bachchan carried the Olympic torch during the last leg of its relay in London's Southwark.

Several books have been written about Bachchan.

  • Amitabh Bachchan: the Legend was published in 1999,
  • To be or not to be: Amitabh Bachchan in 2004,
  • AB: The Legend (A Photographer's Tribute) in 2006
  • Amitabh Bachchan: Ek Jeevit Kimvadanti in 2006,
  • Amitabh: The Making of a Superstar in 2006,
  • Looking for the Big B: Bollywood, Bachchan and Me in 2007 and
  • Bachchanalia in 2009.

Bachchan himself wrote a book in 2002: Soul Curry for you and me – An Empowering Philosophy That Can Enrich Your Life. In the early 80s,

Bachchan authorised the use of his likeness for the comic book character Supremo in a series titled The Adventures of Amitabh Bachchan. In May 2014, La Trobe University in Australia named a Scholarship after Bachchan

He was named "Hottest Vegetarian" by PETA India in 2012. He won the title of "Asia's Sexiest Vegetarian" in a contest poll run by PETA Asia.

In Allahabad, the Amitabh Bachchan Sports Complex and Amitabh Bachchan Road are named after him. A government senior secondary school in Saifai, Etawah is called Amitabh Bachchan Government Inter College. There is a waterfall in Sikkim known as Amitabh Bachchan Falls.

There is a temple in Kolkata, where Amitabh is worshipped as a God.

Kumar Vishwas: Life And Career, Poetry, Net Worth 2020

Kumar Vishwas (born Vishwas Kumar Sharma; 10 February 1970) is an Indian Hindi poet, politician and a lecturer. He was a member of the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and a former member of its National Executive.

kumar vishwas networth

 

Key Description:


Born: 10 February 1970 (age 50), Pilkhuwa, Uttar Pradesh, India

Occupation: Poet *Politician

Notable Works:

  • Ek Pagli Ladki Ke Bin (1996)
  • Koi Deewana Kehta Hai (2007)
  • Hothon Par Ganga Ho (2016)
  • Phir Meri Yaad (2019)

Spouse: Manju Sharma

Net Worth of Kumar Vishwas: 1 Million Dollar

Social Network: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube

 

Kumar Vishwas Life And Career


Vishwas was born on 10 February 1970 in a lower-middle-class family in the town of Pilkhuwa in Uttar Pradesh, where he studied at Lala Ganga Sahay School. His father, Chandra Pal Sharma, was a lecturer at R.S.S. Degree College in Pilkhuwa and his mother, Rama Sharma, was a housewife. Vishwas is the youngest child and has three brothers and a sister. He studied at the Rajputana Regiment Inter College and then joined Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College because his father wanted him to become an engineer. However, engineering did not interest Vishwas and he left it to study Hindi literature, in which he subsequently earned a PhD.

It was while studying for his PhD that Vishwas changed his name from Viswas Kumar Sharma to Kumar Vishwas, to maintain an identity separate from his caste. In 1994, he became a lecturer in Rajasthan, then taught Hindi literature at Lala Lajpat Rai College. In 2012, he joined the newly-formed AAP as a volunteer worker.

Vishwas hosts a comedy show called KV Sammelan on the Aaj Tak television channel that first premiered on 29 September 2018.

As a poet

Vishwas routinely gives performances in which he demonstrates his poetry and love for Hindi, Urdu and Sanskrit literature. He incorporates his comments on topical issues relating to India. He has participated in poetry recitations and functions abroad including the US, Dubai, Oman, Singapore and Japan.

Anti-corruption movement and politics

Vishwas has known Arvind Kejriwal since 2005 and joined the India Against Corruption movement led by Anna Hazare. Thereafter, as the movement faded and morphed into what is today known as the AAP, led by Kejriwal, he was asked to become a member of its national executive.

He contested the 2014 Lok Sabha election as an AAP candidate from Amethi, but lost to then incumbent Rahul Gandhi, securing only 25,000 votes.

 

Media


Vishwas has been a guest judge on the Indian Idol television show and a guest on Zee TV's talent hunt show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs. He wrote the songs "De De Jagah" for the 2018 Hindi film Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran and "Veer Bhagat Singh". Vishwas was a guest in 1 July 2017 episode of The Kapil Sharma Show along with Rahat Indori and Shabinaji. He was a guest again on 21 September 2019 episode of The Kapil Sharma Show along with Manoj Bajpai and Pankaj Tripathi.

He also presented Tarpan, a musical poetry series, where he would recite poems of famous historical poets, against a background of music.

 

Kumar Vishwas Controversies


A sting operation was carried out by a tabloid media portal called "Media Sarkar" ahead of the 2013 Delhi Assembly elections that claimed that some AAP members, including Vishwas and Shazia Ilmi, had raised illegal cash donations. The AAP accused the portal of slandering the leaders of the party. Mediasarkar.com and AAP filed cross complaints against each other. The police promised action after a thorough investigation.

As elections approached, a doctored video clip from a Kavi sammelan went viral in which he was shown making alleged derogatory remarks about Imam Hussain and Hindu deities and nurses from Kerala. As a result, various cases were registered against him. Vishwas responded that the clippings were doctored and later apologized for his remarks, saying it was not his intention to hurt anyone's sentiments or feelings.

In 2016, Vishwas was accused by a campaign volunteer of molestation and making "sexually coloured" remarks. The courts ordered a FIR to be registered because of the complaint but an investigation by Delhi Police found no significant evidence to substantiate it.

In July 2017, Vishwas was accused of copyright infringement by Amitabh Bachchan in relation to a posting on YouTube of a poem by his father Harivansh Rai Bachchan. The video was taken down and a compensation of Rs. 32 was paid. This was around the same time that he was embroiled in a dispute within the AAP, which he had threatened to quit.

On 23 March 2019, Vishwas was served with a legal notice by Amritsar based advocate, NPS Hira, for allegedly cracking jokes on the Sikh community in a demeaning manner in a programme organized at NIT ground Faridabad on 15 March 2019. Hira also warned Vishwas of criminal complaint if he fails to visit Sri Akal Takht Sahib and apologize.

 

Notable Works of Kumar Vishwas


  • Ek Pagli Ladki Ke Bin (1996)
  • Koi Deewana Kehta Hai (2007)
  • Hothon Par Ganga Ho (2016)
  • Phir Meri Yaad (2019)

G. D. Bakshi: Major General Gagan Deep Bakshi Biography

Major General Gagan Deep Bakshi SM, VSM or G. D. Bakshi (born 1950) is a retired Indian army officer. He is from the Jammu and Kashmir Rifles. He was awarded the Vishisht Seva Medal for commanding a battalion in the Kargil War. Later, he was awarded the Sena Medal for distinguished service in commanding a battalion during counter-insurgency drives.

He subsequently commanded the Romeo Force (Part of elite Rashtriya Rifles) during intensive counter-insurgency operations in the Rajouri-Poonch districts of Jammu and Kashmir and succeeded in suppressing the armed militancy in this area. He has served two tenures at the Directorate General of Military Operations and was the first BGS (IW) at HQ Northern Command (India), where he dealt with Information Warfare and Psychological Operations. He is often called on news channels across India to provide views on topics related to the military and defence.

G. D. Bakshi Biography
Major General Gagan Deep Bakshi

 

Key Description:


Birth Name: Gagandeep Bakshi

Nickname(s): GD sir

Born: 1950 (age 69–70) Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

Allegiance: India, Indian Army

Years of Service: 1971 - 2008.4

Rank: Major General of the Indian Army, Major general

Battles/wars: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Kargil War

Awards: See § Awards and decorations

Relations: SP Bakshi (father)

Social Network: Twitter, Facebook

 

G. D. Bakshi Early Life And Education


Bakshi was born in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. He was educated at St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School, Jabalpur and University of Madras.

 

G. D. Bakshi Awards and decorations


  • Sena Medal
  • Vishisht Seva Medal
  • Special Service Medal
  • Sangram Medal
  • Operation Vijay Medal
  • Sainya Seva Medal
  • High Altitude Service Medal
  • 50th Anniversary of Independence Medal
  • 25th Anniversary of Independence Medal
  • 30 Years Long Service Medal
  • 20 Years Long Service Medal
  • 9 Years Long Service Medal

 

Bibliography


  • Bakshi, G. D. (2015). China's Military Power: A Net Assessment. Centre for Land Warfare Studies. ISBN 9789383649396. OCLC 903345328.
  • Bakshi, G. D. (2013). Kishtwar Cauldron: The Struggle against the ISI's Ethnic Cleansing. Pentagon Press. ISBN 9788182747364. OCLC 864543669.
  • Bakshi, G. D. (2010). Limited Wars in South Asia: Need for an Indian Doctrine. Centre for Land Warfare Studies. ISBN 9789380502458. OCLC 678542539.
  • Bakshi, G. D. (2010). The Rise of Indian Military Power: Evolution of an Indian Strategic Culture. KW Publishers. ISBN 9788187966524. OCLC 473662691.
  • Bakshi, G. D. (1999). Afghanistan, the First Fault-Line War. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 1897829493. OCLC 41213913.
  • Bakshi, G. D. (1990). Mahabharata, a Military Analysis. Lancer International. ISBN 8170620945. OCLC 39223360.
  • Bakshi, G. D. (2016). Bose: The Indian Samurai - Netaji and the Ina a Military Assessment. ISBN 9789383649921.[8]
  • Bakshi, G. D. (2017). Guardians of the Gate: A Military History of the Mohiyal Fighting Brahmins. Knowledge World Publishers, New Delhi.

Also read: Narendra Modi Biography

Kylie Cosmetics: Net Worth 2020, Makeup Products

Kylie Cosmetics is an American cosmetics company founded by media personality Kylie Jenner. The company began selling Kylie Lip Kits, a liquid lipstick and lip liner set on November 30, 2015. Formerly known as Kylie Lip Kits, the company was renamed Kylie Cosmetics.

Kylie Cosmetics

In 2018, Forbes reported the company was valued at $800 million, and in March 2019, valued the company at $900 million. Coty, Inc. bought a 51% controlling stake in the company for $600 million in November 2019. However, in early 2020 Forbes reported - citing documentation from the Coty deal - that Kylie Cosmetics had overvalued itself.

 

Key Description of Kylie Cosmetics:


Formerly: Kylie Lip Kits (2015–2016)

Type: Private

Industry: Cosmetics

Founded: 2014; 6 years ago

Founder: Kylie Jenner

Headquarters: Oxnard, California, United States

Area served: Worldwide

Key People: Kylie Jenner (Founder) Simona Centtaneo (ceo)

Products: Cosmetics, Beauty Products

Owner: Coty, Inc. (51%)

Kylie Jenner (41.1%)

Number of Employees: 12

Parent: Seed Beauty

Official: Website

Social Network: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn

 

Background of Kylie Cosmetics


In 2014, Kylie Jenner and her mother Kris Jenner founded the company and partnered with Seed Beauty, a retail and product development company co-founded by siblings, John and Laura Nelson.

The companies first product Kylie Lip Kits, a liquid lipstick and lip liner, debuted on November 30, 2015.

The first 15,000 lip kits were produced by Seed Beauty and funded by Jenner at a cost of $250,000 from her modelling earnings.

The company was renamed to Kylie Cosmetics in February 2016 and production was increased to 500,000 kits. By the end of 2016, the company's total revenue was over $300 million.

Jenner has described her decision to use her former insecurity about her lip size as inspiration for her brand, saying it's "one of the most authentic things I've done in my career".

 

Business of Kylie Cosmetics


Collaborations And Collections:

Jenner has collaborated with several other celebrities on collections for Kylie Cosmetics. Some notable collaborations include Kim Kardashian-West, Khloe Kardashian, and Kourtney Kardashian. Most recently, Jenner has collaborated with her mother, Kris Jenner.

In November 2016, Kylie announced the very first Kylie Cosmetics collaboration called Koko X Kylie, where she teamed up with her half-sister, Khloe Kardashian.

In April 2017, Jenner announced her collaboration with her half-sister, Kim Kardashian-West, called KKW X Kylie. Kylie Cosmetics partnered with Kim Kardashian-West soon after the KKW release.

In May 2017, it was announced Koko X Kylie would be returning for a Part 2 of the half-sisters’ collaboration.

In a month long pop-up event in November 2017, seven TopShop stores across the US sold Kylie Cosmetics products.

In November 2018, Kylie Cosmetics began selling their products at Ulta. Many attribute the brand's success to Jenner's cosmetically altered lips.

In April 2018, Jenner announced her Kylie Cosmetics collaboration with her oldest half-sister, Kourtney Kardashian, called Kourt X Kylie.

On May 9, 2018, Kylie and Kris Jenner announced their collaboration called the Kris Kollection via Kylie's personal instagram.

The Mini Lip Set in the Kris Kollection, which includes eight mini liquid lipsticks, is aptly named “Momager”, a title in which Kris Jenner has personally taken on, and attempted to trademark, in recent years.

In addition to the "Momager" Lip Kit, the Kris Kollection includes lip glosses and a four pan pressed powder highlight/blush palette, which has created a lot of controversy online with both good and bad reviews. The collection was released just in time for Mother's Day.

On September 14, 2018, Kylie announced her new launch the Jordyn X Kylie collection, in celebration of her long term friendship Jordyn Woods.

On June 9, 2019, Kylie announced her collaboration with her half sister Khloé Kardashian for the third time.

In 2019, Kylie announced her collaboration with Oliver Rousteing the creative director for Balmain in the KylieXBalmain collection. Which launched on September 27 of that year.

 

Non-collaborative Collections:

In February 2018, Jenner released Kylie Cosmetics’ first non-collaborative collection: Weather. Jenner explained the collection is an ode to her daughter, Stormi, who inspired the collection and was born earlier that month.

In August 2019, Jenner released her Birthday Collection. This collection was for her 22nd birthday and included lip kits, an eyeshadow pallet, a face primer, matte lipsticks, jelly kylighters, an eyeliner, and many more products.

This collection featured money themed packaging. Jenner took a portion of her earnings from her birthday collection and collaborated with Ellen DeGeneres to give away over $1 million. $750,000 went to a group of women in Florida who have a non-profit organization called Nest Of Love

In February 2020 Kylie launch the Stormi collection, in celebration of her daughters second birthday. This launched included beauty products such as eyeshadow palettes, Kylie lip kits, and blush. The launch was a success and the products quickly sold out.

 

Pop-up Locations:

Kylie is know for making appearances at pop-up shops which are located inside Topshops where she does meet and greets with fans. She's had seven locations all around the country where she has sold Lip Kits as well as pallets.

The locations are in Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles, California; New York; Las Vegas, Nevada; Houston, Texas; Atlanta, Georgia; Miami, Florida[28]

 

Partnerships:

In December 2015, Jenner's mother, Kris Jenner, partnered the company with Canadian e-commerce platform Shopify to outsource sales.

Packaging

In May 2016, Kylie Cosmetics changed the packaging of its Lip Kits due to complaints of theft. Due to the easily recognizable packaging and high demand for the product at the time, some customers received empty boxes after having their products stolen in the mailing process.

The original Kylie Lip Kit box was black with a white lip gloss drip design. In order to solve the theft issue, the boxes were changed to a basic black, and the recognizable lip gloss design was moved to the inside of the box.

In the April 2018 release of the Kourt X Kylie Collection, Kylie Cosmetics included eyeshadow palettes with brand new plastic packaging rather than the traditional cardboard packaging.

Marketing
Kylie Cosmetics heavily depends on social media for its marketing. As of August 2018, Jenner has the most followed Snapchat account and 164 million Instagram followers, all of whom see her teases to past and future makeup releases.

Kylie Cosmetics also advertises daily on Instagram with verified the account @Kyliecosmetics. The Instagram account currently has 21.9 million followers. They share popular beauty influences reviews, sales, new products, and many photos of Kylie Jenner herself using the products. In November 2019, @kyliecosmetics on Instagram hit 22.4 million followers.

While Jenner, or members of her family, often serve as the face of Kylie Cosmetics, the pair of lips that advertise the Lip Kits themselves belongs to beauty and lifestyle blogger, Ashley Rosales. Before entering the beauty community, Ashley Rosales served in the United States Army as a mechanic.

Kylie relies heavily on Youtube for marketing her launches. Kylie Jenner's Youtube channel has over 7.5 million subscribers. She'll often record 'get ready with me' to promote her upcoming launches.

Jenner revealed that she has enlisted her housekeeper and her boyfriend Travis Scott to model swatches of the makeup on their arms for social media advertisements.

 

 

Criticism:


"Luxury" brush scandal

In an occurrence dubbed by Cosmopolitan Australia as the “Kylie makeup brush scandal of 2017”, Jenner received backlash from fans, makeup gurus, and Internet users alike after Kylie Cosmetics launched a set of 16 luxury makeup brushes, priced at $360.

After a few big-name makeup artists including James Charles and Jeffree Star weighed in with their negative opinions on the price of the brush kit, Jenner responded via her personal Twitter, telling fans, “I hear you guys”. Many hoped that this would mean the company would lower their prices, but they have remained the same as of late.

All 30 shades of Kylie Cosmetics' controversial concealer line.

 

Skin Concealer Controversy

After the release of the concealer line, Skin Concealer, Kylie Cosmetics received negative feedback from internet users who claimed the company was copying Rihanna’s makeup line, Fenty Beauty.

Though the intention of the makeup line was to remain inclusive, it was assumed by some that Jenner was profiting from diversity by including 30 shades in her concealer line.

The Skin Concealer was additionally critiqued for the fact that all of the darker shades have red undertones, and is therefore believed by some to not cater to all skin types. Descriptions of the concealers on the Kylie Cosmetics website state that each of the darker shades has red undertones.

"Provocative" Blushes

The release of Kylie Cosmetics’ most recent line of blushes sparked fury within some fans, claiming that the names of some of the new products were “too provocative”.

Though the blush collection sold successfully, parents of young fans were not in support of names such as "Barely Legal", "Virginity", "X Rated", and "Hot and Bothered".

 

Company Overvaluation:


On April 8, 2020, Forbes again named Jenner as the world's youngest "self made" billionaire, citing her net worth having increased to 1.2 billion dollars.

However, in May Forbes released a statement accusing Jenner of forging tax documents so she would appear as a billionaire.

The publication also accused her of fabricating revenue figures for Kylie Cosmetics, citing documents Coty Inc (which had acquired a majority stake in Kylie Cosmetics) had released.

The Forbes article concluded that Kyle Cosmetics was significantly smaller and less profitable than previously reported.

CS executive entrance test (CSEET)

Introduction

ICSI introduces CS Executive Entrance Test (CSEET) in place of Foundation Programme to meet the stakeholders’ expectations and to further enhance the quality of future members is the prime objective of the Vision New ICSI 2022.

The Company Secretaries (Amendment) Regulations, 2020 require introduction of CS Executive Entrance Test (CSEET) in place of the
Foundation Programme.

With the introduction of CSEET from February 3, 2020, new registration
to the Foundation Programme has ceased to exist w.e.f. February 3, 2020, CSEET is the only qualifying entrance test for registration to the CS Executive Programme.

CSEET has been introduced keeping in view the diverse academic standards of students seeking admission in the Company Secretaryship Course, to attract meritorious students and to test their aptitude for the
Company Secretary profession.

The candidates appearing/passed in class 12th examinations
shall be eligible for appearing in the CSEET. All the students seeking admission in the Company Secretary Course including graduates/ post graduates, etc. shall be required to qualify the CSEET from February 3, 2020 onwards.

The process of selecting meritorious candidates through CSEET will enhance the quality of future members to meet the expectations of the
industry and the regulators.

Regulation 20(1)(ii) of the Company Secretaries (Amendment) Regulations, 2020 contains the provisions of CSEET.
Passing of CS Executive Entrance Test (CSEET) is mandatory for all candidates to register for CS Executive Programme, except a few exempted categories of candidates.
CS Executive Entrance Test (CSEET) shall be conducted on a single day as per the following :
a) Computer Based Test of 120 Minutes consisting of four parts viz. (i) Business
Communication; (ii) Legal Aptitude & Logical Reasoning (iii) Economic and Business Environment & (iv) Current Affairs; and

b) Viva Voce of 15 Minutes on “Presentation and Communication Skills”.

Eligibility Conditions

  • A candidate passed / appearing in the Senior Secondary (10+2) Examination or equivalent thereto is eligible to appear in the CSEET.
  • All Graduates/ Post Graduates who were hitherto eligible for registration directly to CS Executive Programme, are also required to pass the CSEET to become eligible for registration to Executive Programme.

Exemptions

Candidates who have passed CS Foundation Programme are exempted from CSEET without any payment of exemption fee.

Candidates who have passed the Final Examination of The Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India (ICAI) and/or The Institute of Cost Accountants of India (ICMAI)
are exempted from CSEET and shall pay `5,000 (Rupees Five Thousand Only) towards
exemption fee at the time of Registration to CS Executive Programme.

Pattern of the CSEET

The Institute will conduct CS Executive Entrance Test based on Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions and viva-voce for testing listening, written communication and oral communication skills.

There are four papers in CS Executive Entrance Test.

Each paper contains objective type multiple choice questions having one or more marks each with four options with one correct answer.

The duration of the Test shall be 120 minutes and viva-voce on Presentation and Communication Skills of 15 Minutes.

Duration of the CSEET

Computer Based Test (CBT)

Test of 120 Minutes duration will be conducted at designated Test Centres. It will be a
Computer Based Test (CBT) conducted in MCQ pattern as per the following details:

Business Communication

Subject
Total No. of Questions  
Marks
Business Communication   3550
Legal Aptitude and Logical Reasoning  3550
Economic and Business Environment3550
Current Affairs 15 20
Total Marks120  170
              

Viva Voce

The Presentation and Communication Skills (Viva Voce) of 15 Minutes for 30 Marks will be conducted simultaneously with or immediately after the MCQ based CBT through on-line mode using artificial intelligence (AI) or through recoded videos at the designated Test Centres.

Final Score

The final score will be computed by adding the marks secured by candidates in both the tests (CBT and Viva-Voce) out of a total of 200 marks.

CSEET Passing Criteria

Candidates shall be declared ‘PASS’ in CSEET on securing 40% marks in each paper and 50% marks in the aggregate.

Registration to Executive Programme

  • Candidate has passed Senior Secondary Examination (10+2 system) conducted by an examining body constituted by law in India or an examination recognised by the Central Government or State Government or equivalent thereto for the purposes of admission to Bachelor’s degree course; and
  • Candidate has passed Company Secretary Executive Entrance Test (CSEET) conducted by the Institute. The date of result of CSEET should not be older than one year prior to the date of such registration.

Test Centres

  • The examination will be held at multiple test centres across the country to ensure that the CSEET is conducted on a single day for all the registered candidates.

Schedule of Registration and conduct of CSEET

The CSEET will be held on quarterly basis as per the indicative schedule given below:

Month of CSEETPeriod During which candidates can register for CSEETDate of  CSEETLast Date for Declaration of ResultsCut-off date of registration in CS Executive Program
     
May             December
to 15th April
  Saturday/ Saturday/ Sunday
in 2nd /3rd Week
of May
By 4th Week
of May
31st May (for appearing in both modules of Executive Program in December session in same year)  
  July      16th April to 15th June    16thSaturday/ Sunday
in 2nd /3rd Week
of July
 By 4th Week
of July
 31st July (for appearing in single module of Executive Program in December session in same year)
January 16th June to 15th
October
 Saturday/ Sunday
in 2nd /3rd Week
of November
 By 4th Week
of
November
 30th November (for
appearing in both
modules of Executive
Program in June session
in next year)
January16th October to
15th December
Saturday/ Sunday
in 2nd /3rd Week
of January
By 4th Week
of January
31st January (for
appearing in single
module of Executive
Program in June session
in same year)

Fee for Registration to CSEET

CategoryConcession (as percentage of registration fee applicable)
 SC/ST 50%
Physically Handicapped   50%
 Wards and Widows of Martyrs and Defence Service
Personnel with Permanent Disability
100%
Serving / Retired Personnel of Defence Services and
Paramilitary Forces
 50%
ICSI Staff and Wards / Spouse of ICSI Staff75%
ICLS Officers/ Officers & Staff of MCA and affiliated
offices (NCLT, SFIO and CCI)
100%
Students from North Eastern States, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep & Himachal Pradesh
50%
Students from the Union Territories of Jammu &
Kashmir and Ladakh
100%

Allocation of Marks/Duration/ No. of Questions

SubjectsNumber of
MCQs
(Paper wise)
Maximum MarksDuration
Business
Communication
3550 Marks
(15 MCQs x 2 Marks each)
(20 MCQs x 1 Mark each)
120
Legal Aptitude
and Logical
Reasoning
3550 Marks
(15 MCQs x 2 Marks each)
(20 MCQs x 1 Mark each)
Economic and
Business
Environment
3550 Marks
(15 MCQs x 2 Marks each)
(20 MCQs x 1 Mark each)
Current Affairs1520 Marks
(5 MCQs x 2 Marks each)
(10 MCQs x 1 Mark each)
Total120 MCQs170 Marks120 Minutes
Presentation and
Communication
Skills
(Viva Voce)
Variable
Number of
Questions
30 Marks15 Minutes
  • There will be no negative marking in the CSEET.
  • Candidates are expected to be conversant with the amendments/changes in the CSEET subject contents up to one month preceding the date of Examination.

Registration Process

The steps for registration for CSEET are as under:


Step-1 : – >In order to Register for “CSEET”, type www.icsi.edu in any recommended browser (IE 9, Mozilla 38.0 & above, Chrome 39.0), then click on “Online Services”


Step-2 : -> Click on the link https://smash.icsi.in/Scripts/CSEET/Instructions_CSEET.aspx
for registration for CSEET.


Step-3 : -> Fill Basic Details


Step-4 : -> Fill Qualification Details


Step-5 : ->Fee Details


Step-6 :->Upload Mandatory Documents*


Step-7 : ->Preview Application
Click on “Confirm Application” button after previewing


Step-8 :->Payment Mode Selection


Step-9 :->Transaction Id Generation. Note transaction Id for future reference.

  • On successful payment, candidate will be registered in CSEET and same will be intimated through email/SMS on registered email id/mobile number. Candidate can appear for the CSEET as per the schedule sent through mail/SMS.
  • *Mandatory document to be uploaded by the students at the time of registration for CSEET:
  • Photograph of the candidate (size 20kb to 50kb)
  • Signature of the candidate (size 10kb to 20kb)
  • DOB Certificate (10th pass certificate)
  • Admit Card/ Hall Ticket for 10+2 Examinations (if appearing) or 10+2 Pass Certificate/
  • Mark Sheet
  • Category Certificate (for availing Fee Concession)
  • Identity proof (Aadhar card/passport/voter ID /pan card/driving license/ration card)
  • All the files to be uploaded while registering for CSEET should be present in one of the
  • formats viz. jpg, jpeg, png, gif, bmp, pdf.
  • The maximum allowed file size is 2 MB.

Thanks..

company secretary program (CS)

Introduction

Company Secretary (CS) is one of the principal posts in a company where candidate act as a conscience seeker of the company.

A certified Company Secretary is hired to handle the legal aspects of a firm.

A CS is responsible for complete company’s tax returns, keep records, advise board of directors and ensure that the company complies with legal and statutory regulations.

In India, The Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) is the only recognized professional body in India to develop and regulate the profession of Company Secretaries.

The Company Secretaries (Amendment) Regulations, 2020 require introduction of CS Executive Entrance Test (CSEET) in place of the Foundation Programme. With the introduction of CSEET from February 3, 2020, new registration to the Foundation Programme has ceased to exist w.e.f. February 3, 2020, CSEET is the only qualifying entrance test for registration to the CS Executive Programme.

CS – > Entrance Exams 

  • Admission to ICSI’s Company Secretary programme is open throughout the year where exams are conducted twice a year i.e. June and December..
  • To appear for CS CSEET entrance examination i.e.
    • for May, need to enroll in between mid December and April;
    • and to appear for July, enroll in between mid April and June.
    • For November,enroll in between mid June to October.
    • For January, enroll in between mid October to December
  • To appear for CS Executive programme level,
    • Enrolled by February 28 for appearing in both modules in December exam in the same year;
    • or by August 31 for appearing in both modules in June exam next year.
  • In case if you wants to appear in single module in June Examination in the next year;
    • Enroll yourself for Executive Programme by November 30.
  • A candidate is declared to have passed the Foundation / Executive / Professional examination,
    • if candidate secures at one sitting a minimum of 40% marks in each paper and 50% marks in the aggregate of all subjects.
  • The Institute allows facility to students to appear in examination in English as well as in Hindi. (Except Business Communication subject of Foundation Program)

CS Fee Structure 

The CS Course Fee Structure as mentioned below,

CSEET Exam for Executive program

The Registration Fee is Rs. 1000/- per Module.

Concession for SC/ST, Physically Handicapped and Students from North Eastern States, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep & Himachal Pradesh is 50 %,Serving / Retired Personnel of Defence Services and Paramilitary Forces is 50%, ICSI Staff and Wards / Spouse of ICSI Staff is 75% and for ICLS Officers/ Officers & Staff of MCA and affiliated offices (NCLT, SFIO and CCI),Students from the Union Territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh is 100%.

Executive Programme

  • The Registration Fee is Rs. 1200/- per Module.
  • Total fee for CS executive programme is Rs.9000/- for Commerce Graduates.
  • Total fee for CS executive programme is Rs 12,500/- for CPT passed of ICAI / Foundation passed of ICAI-CMA .
  • Total fee for CS executive programme is 10,000/- for Non Commerce Students.
  • Total fee for CS executive programme is Rs 8,500/- for CS Foundation passed students.

CS Professional Programme

  • The Registration Fee is –Rs. 1200/- per Module.
  • Total fee for CS executive programme is Rs.12,000/- 

CS course syllabus

Foundation Programme

There are 4 papers in CS  Foundation Programme as follows ->

  • BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND LAW.
  • BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, ETHICS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP.
  • BUSINESS ECONOMICS.
  • FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING.

Executive Programme

There are 8 papers in CS  Executive Programme in two module as follows ->

Module-1 – > 4 papers

  • JURISPRUDENCE, INTERPRETATION & GENERAL LAWS.
  • COMPANY LAW.
  • SETTING UP OF BUSINESS ENTITIES AND CLOSURE.
  • TAX LAWS

Module-2 – > 4 papers

  • CORPORATE & MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
  • SECURITIES LAWS & CAPITAL MARKETS
  • ECONOMIC, BUSINESS AND COMMERCIAL LAWS
  • FINANCIAL AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT

Professional Program

There are 9 papers (Including 1 elective paper) in CS  professional Programme in three module as follows ->

MODULE-1 – > 3 papers

  • GOVERNANCE, RISK MANAGEMENT, COMPLIANCES AND ETHICS
  • ADVANCED TAX LAWS
  • DRAFTING, PLEADINGS AND APPEARANCES

MODULE-2 – > 3 papers

  • SECRETARIAL AUDIT
  • CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING
  • RESOLUTION OF CORPORATE DISPUTES

MODULE-3 – > 3 papers

  • CORPORATE FUNDING & LISTINGS IN STOCK EXCHANGES
  • MULTIDISCIPLINARY CASE STUDIES
  • ELECTIVES 1 OUT OF BELOW 8 SUBJECTS (THE EXAMINATION FOR THIS PAPER WILL BE OPEN BOOK EXAMINATION)
    • BANKING  LAW AND PRACTICE
    • INSURANCE LAW AND PRACTICE
    • INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS– LAWS AND PRACTICES
    • FORENSIC AUDIT
    • DIRECT TAX LAW & PRACTICE
    • LABOUR LAWS & PRACTICE
    • VALUATIONS & BUSINESS MODELLING
    • INSOLVENCY – LAW AND PRACTICE

Thanks….

Priyanka Gandhi: Biography, Education, Latest News 2020

Priyanka Gandhi (born 12 January 1972), also known by her married name Priyanka Gandhi Vadra, is an Indian politician and the general secretary of the All India Congress Committee in charge of Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Priyanka Gandhi
Priyanka Gandhi

She is the daughter of Rajiv Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi, sister of Rahul Gandhi, and granddaughter of Feroze and Indira Gandhi, making her a member of the politically prominent Nehru-Gandhi family. She is also a trustee of Rajiv Gandhi Foundation.

 

Key Description Priyanka Gandhi:


Born: 12 January 1972 (age 48 years), New Delhi

Full Name: Priyanka Gandhi Vadra

Height: 1.73 m

Spouse: Robert Vadra (m. 1997)

Children: Miraya Vadra, Raihan Vadra

Education: University of Delhi, Convent of Jesus & Mary,

Political Party: Indian National Congress

Spouse(s): Robert Vadra (m. 1997)

Parents:

Relatives: Nehru–Gandhi family

Brother: Rahul Gandhi

Alma Mater: University of Delhi (B.A, M.A)

Social Network: Facebook, Twiter, Instagram, YouTube

 

Early Life And Education:


Priyanka studied at the Modern School and Convent of Jesus & Mary. She obtained a bachelor's degree in Psychology from Jesus and Mary College, University of Delhi, and later a master's degree in Buddhist studies in 2010.

 

 

Career of Priyanka Gandhi:


Gandhi had regularly visited her mother's and brother's constituencies of Rae Bareilly and Amethi where she dealt with the people directly.

She is a popular figure in the constituency, drawing large crowds everywhere; a popular slogan in Amethi in every election has been Amethi ka danka, bitiya Priyanka (the clarion call from Amethi is for Priyanka).

In the 2004 Indian general election, she was her mother's campaign manager and helped supervise her brother Rahul Gandhi's campaign.

In the 2007 Uttar Pradesh assembly elections, while Rahul Gandhi managed the statewide campaign, she focused on the ten seats in the Amethi Rae Bareilly region, spending two weeks there trying to quell considerable infighting within the party workers over seat allocations.

On January 23, 2019, Priyanka Gandhi formally entered politics, being appointed the Congress' General Secretary in charge of the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh.

 

Personal Life of Priyanka Gandhi:


She is married to Robert Vadra, a businessman from Delhi. The wedding took place at the Gandhi home, 10 Janpath, on 18 February 1997 in a traditional Hindu ceremony.

They have two children; a son Raihan and a daughter Miraya. She follows Buddhist philosophy and practices Vipassanā as taught by S. N. Goenka.